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Tetraodontiformes (Puffers and filefishes) >
Balistidae (Triggerfishes)
Etymology: Balistes: Latin, balista, -ae = crossbowman. In Greek, ballo = to throw (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Gmelin.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά) βενθικό(ς); εύρος βάθους 0 - 200 m (Ref. 7348), usually 0 - 50 m (Ref. 7348). Tropical; 32°N - 17°S, 26°W - 14°E
Eastern Atlantic from Madeira to Angola; including the Canary Islands, and Cape Verde.
Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 2683); common length : 25.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 2683); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 1.8 kg (Ref. ); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 1.8 kg
Found over sand and rock bottoms of coastal waters. Feeds on crabs and bivalves (Ref. 4727).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Αναπαραγωγή | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Προνύμφες
Harmelin-Vivien, M.L. and J.-C. Quéro, 1990. Balistidae. p. 1055-1060. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 7348)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 19.9 - 28, mean 26.2 °C (based on 196 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5078 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.02951 (0.01917 - 0.04543), b=2.88 (2.75 - 3.01), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.43 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 4.0 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Ελαστικότητα (Ref.
120179): Μεσαίο(α), ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 1,4 - 4,4 έτη (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 88.5 [39.2, 198.6] mg/100g; Iron = 1.06 [0.52, 2.54] mg/100g; Protein = 17.9 [16.4, 19.4] %; Omega3 = 0.223 [0.101, 0.499] g/100g; Selenium = 87 [43, 203] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.17 [2.77, 31.60] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.852 [0.562, 1.294] mg/100g (wet weight);