分类 / Names
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Teleostei >
Clupeiformes (Herrings) >
Clupeidae (Herrings, shads, sardines, menhadens)
Etymology: Ethmidium: Diminutive of Greek, ethmos, -ou = sieve or ethmoides bone (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Valenciennes.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 深度上下限 0 - 50 m (Ref. 188). 熱帶; 0° - 37°S, 86°W - 70°W (Ref. 188)
Southwest Pacific: Peru (Puerto Pizarro in Gulf of Guayaquil to Callao and Pisco Bay; presumably to border with Chile, but no records) and Chile (whole coast south to Talcahuano).
西南太平洋: 祕魯 (在惠夜基灣到卡亞俄與畢斯柯海灣的 Puerto Pizarro; 可能以智利為分佈界限, 但是沒有記錄) 與智利.(整個的海岸南至塔爾卡瓦諾)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 25.4 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 31.2 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 122662)
背棘 (总数) : 0; 臀棘: 0; 臀鳍软条: 12 - 15. Scutes present along back (before dorsal fin) as well as along belly. Upper jaw with median notch. Gill rakers fine and slender, about 130 to 150 in lower limb. Anal fin short, well behind last dorsal fin ray. Scales with pectinated hind border. A dark spot behind gill cover and up to 4 series of vertically oval spots along flank.
鳞甲存在的沿着背面 (在背鳍之前) 以及沿着腹面。 上颌有中央的凹槽。 鳃耙细而细长的, 大约 130 到 150 在下肢中。 臀鳍短,在最后的背鳍鳍条正后方。 鳞片有栉状结构后部的边缘。 一个深色斑点在后鳃盖并且向上到 4个数列垂直椭圆形的斑点沿着侧面。
Occurs in coastal waters, forming large schools. Feeds by filtering phytoplankton (diatoms) and zooplankton (especially copepods), but will also take small fishes and crustaceans. Breeds in spring (Chile), depositing its eggs in coastal waters on sand, to which the sticky eggs cling, the larvae rising and joining the surface plankton on hatching. Marketed fresh, frozen, or canned.
出现于沿岸水域, 形成大群鱼群。 滤食浮游植物 (硅藻) 与浮游动物 (尤其桡脚类的动物), 但是也吃小鱼与甲壳动物。 繁殖于被在沿岸水域的砂上产卵的春天 (智利), 黏黏的卵黏附在上面, 仔鱼升起而且结合表面浮游生物孵化时。 在市场上销售生鲜地了, 冷冻, 或罐装的。
西南太平洋: 祕魯 (在惠夜基灣到卡亞俄與畢斯柯海灣的 Puerto Pizarro; 可能以智利為分佈界限, 但是沒有記錄) 與智利.(整個的海岸南至塔爾卡瓦諾)
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 11.3 - 23, mean 20 °C (based on 12 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00724 (0.00435 - 0.01206), b=3.13 (2.98 - 3.28), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 2.1 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 高度, 族群倍增时间少于 15个月 (Assuming tm=1).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (21 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (58 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 205 [96, 359] mg/100g; Iron = 1.78 [0.96, 3.23] mg/100g; Protein = 18.5 [17.2, 19.7] %; Omega3 = 0.328 [0.181, 0.617] g/100g; Selenium = 49.3 [23.6, 108.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 15.7 [4.7, 49.2] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.78 [1.21, 2.65] mg/100g (wet weight);
