Australia country information

Common names: Chows, Common jack mackerel, Cowanyoung
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: common (usually seen) | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Importance: commercial | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Aquaculture: never/rarely | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Regulations: restricted | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Uses: gamefish: yes;
Comments: Inhabit southern Australian waters from Wide Bay in Queensland to Shark Bay, Western Australia (Ref. 7300), including Bass Strait and Tasmania (Ref. 27930). Stock structure: Electrophoretic studies of protein variation in jack mackerel have shown that Australian fish are genetically distinct from New Zealand fish. Within Australian waters there appears to be a distinct subpopulation in the west and 2 or more subpopulations in the southeast (Ref. 9361). Commercial fishery: Prior to the establishment of the jack mackerel fishery in 1993, a number of fishing trials were conducted. Purse seine nets were used in pelagic fishing trials off New South Wales and eastern Tasmania between 1946 and 1950. Purse seining was also tried near Lakes Entrance in the mid 1970s (Ref. 27933). In 1973, a fishery for jack mackerel was commenced by a company operating from Triabunna in Tasmania, where their fishmeal processing plant was located. Approximately 6300 t were caught in 1973-74 from waters between southern New South Wales and southern Tasmania. All of the catch was processed into fishmeal. The operation closed in 1974. In 1985, another venture aimed at fishmeal production commenced at Triabunna. Subsequently, there was a rapid rise in landings of jack mackerel, peaking at almost 40,000 t in 1986-87. The fishery has continued and up until 1993, was the source for over 90% of Australian jack mackerel landings. The catch was taken almost exclusively using purse seine nets, usually 500 m to 800 m in length and up to 70 m depth. Vessels vary in size between 25 m and 47 m, and up to 7 boats fish at some time during the fishing season (Ref. 27934). The jack mackerel purse seine fishery targets surface or near surface schools. Schools are located using a spotter plane or sonar and depth sounder. The main fishing area is near the central east coast of Tasmania although catches are taken from Flinders Island in the northeast to Macquarie Harbour on the west coast. Some fish are taken off the northern Tasmanian coast between Devonport and George Town on the Tamar River. A few purse seine vessels target jack mackerel in State waters off Lakes Entrance in eastern Victoria and Port Macdonnell in South Australia. Alternative methods for catching jack mackerel in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania are demersal otter trawling, midwater otter trawling and fixed tidal traps. The fisheries in New South Wales and Victoria are localised and sporadic. The Tasmanian fishing season lasts from October to May. Catches early in the season are normally taken in the north and later along the east coast, where an increase in numbers of surface schools results in greater catches. Catches are mostly taken during the day. The abundance of jack mackerel schools seems to exhibit great inter-annual variability. This varation may be caused by changes in the species' schooling behaviour which in turn reduces their catchability by purse seine fishing. The 2 main bycatch species of jack mackerel fishery are redbait (Emmelichthys nitidus) and blue mackerel (Scomber australasicus). They constitute about 5% of the annual landings from this purse seine fishery. Small numbers of Peruvian jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi) have also been recorded from Tasmanian jack mackerel catches in the same period (Ref. 27939). The majority of the jack mackerel catch is processed into fishmeal for livestock and aquaculture feeds. The Tasmanian fishery is the main source of domestic fishmeal production. Some of the jack mackerel is sold as bait for rock lobster (Palinuridae) or longline fisheries. Very little is consumed by humans in Australia but significant quantities are used as pet food. Recreational fishery: Jack mackerel are commonly caught by recreational anglers throughout their Australian distribution. They are mainly caught using rod-and-line or handline methods. The largest jack mackerel recorded by the Australian Anglers Association weighed 1.7 kg and was caught in New South Wales.
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/as.html
National Fisheries Authority: http://www.csiro.au/
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Chinchard dos vert, Jurel verde, Ставрида новозеландская, ... more

Classification / Names Common names | Synonyms | Catalog of Fishes(genus, species) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Teleostei (teleosts) > Carangiformes (Jacks) > Carangidae (Jacks and pompanos) > Caranginae
Etymology: Trachurus: Greek, trachys, -eia, -ys = rough + Greek, oura = tail (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Jenyns.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecology

Marine; brackish; benthopelagic; depth range 27 - 460 m (Ref. 27930), usually ? - 300 m (Ref. 9072). Temperate; ? - 16°C (Ref. 9072); 9°S - 53°S, 112°E - 177°E (Ref. 54926)

Distribution Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Point map | Introductions | Faunafri

Southwest Pacific: Western Australia to New South Wales, including New Zealand. Principal component analysis of morphometric and meristic characters indicates three separate subpopulations in the Great Australian Bight, off New South Wales, and off Tasmania (Ref. 7456).

Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age

Maturity: L_m 31.5, range 23 - 37 cm
Max length : 64.0 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref. 33839); common length : 42.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 9258); max. reported age: 25 years (Ref. 9072)

Short description Morphology | Morphometrics

Dorsal spines (total): 9; Dorsal soft rays (total): 29-35; Anal spines: 3; Anal soft rays: 24 - 29; Vertebrae: 24. Adults are elongate and slightly compressed, and have a primary lateral line with 71-89 scutes, and a secondary lateral line reaching to below dorsal-fin rays 7-9 (Ref. 33616).

Adults are commonly found near the bottom, in midwater and occasionally at the surface (Ref. 9258) in continental shelf waters (Ref. 27930). They form pelagic schools for most of the year but may move close to the sea bed during winter (Ref. 27931). Generally found at less than 300 m water depth with temperature less than 16° C (Ref. 9072). Juveniles inhabit coastal and estuarine waters although they may sometimes be found offshore (Ref. 27930). Adults feed mostly during the day mainly on krill and other planktonic crustaceans, light fish (Sternoptychidae) and lantern fish (Myctophidae) at the edge of the continental shelf (Ref. 27933).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae

Eggs and sperm are released amongst schooling fish, possibly deep in the water column near the edge of the continental shelf. Eggs are distributed between the surface and the thermocline and larvae are carried inshore by currents.

Main reference Upload your references | References | Coordinator : Smith-Vaniz, William F. | Collaborators

Paxton, J.R., D.F. Hoese, G.R. Allen and J.E. Hanley, 1989. Pisces. Petromyzontidae to Carangidae. Zoological Catalogue of Australia, Vol. 7. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 665 p. (Ref. 7300)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 19 July 2017

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Harmless

Human uses

Fisheries: highly commercial; gamefish: yes; bait: usually

FAO(Fisheries: production, species profile; publication : search) | FishSource | Sea Around Us

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 11.1 - 20.2, mean 14.4 (based on 135 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01259 (0.00780 - 0.02031), b=2.97 (2.83 - 3.11), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245).

Trophic level (Ref. 69278): 3.9 ±0.61 se; based on food items.

Resilience (Ref. 120179): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (tm=2-4; tmax=25).

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100).

Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649): Moderate vulnerability (36 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Trachurus declivis (Jenyns, 1841)