Common names from other countries

Thon rouge de l'Atlantique, Atún rojo del Atlántico, تونة حمراء أطلسيَّة, ... more

Классификация / Names народные названия | синонимы | Catalog of Fishes(род, виды) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Scombriformes (Mackerels) > Scombridae (Mackerels, tunas, bonitos) > Scombrinae
Etymology: Thunnus: Greek, thynnos = tunna (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range экология

морской; солоноватоводный; мигрирует в океане (Ref. 51243); пределы глубины 0 - 985 m (Ref. 55291), usually 0 - 100 m. Subtropical; 3°C - 30°C (Ref. 88796); 69°N - 58°S, 99°W - 42°E

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Western Atlantic: Labrador and Newfoundland to Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea to Venezuela and Brazil. Eastern Atlantic: Lofoten Islands off Norway to Canary Islands, including the Mediterranean and the southern part of the Black Sea (Ref. 6769). Reported from Mauritania (Ref. 5377). There is a subpopulation off South Africa. Highly migratory species.

Length at first maturity / Size / Вес / Возраст

Maturity: L_m 103.5, range 97 - 110 cm
Max length : 458 cm TL самец/пол неопределен; (Ref. 26340); common length : 200 cm FL самец/пол неопределен; (Ref. 168); наибольший вес (опубликованные данные): 684.0 kg (Ref. 26340); наибольший возраст (опубликованны данные): 32 годы (Ref. 5810)

Краткое описание определительные ключи | морфология | морфометрия

колючие лучи спинного плавника (общее число) : 12 - 14; членистые (мягкие) лучи спинного плавника (общее число) : 13 - 15; колючие лучи анального плавника: 0; членистые (мягкие) лучи анального плавника: 13 - 16; позвонки: 39. A very large species, deepest near the middle of the first dorsal fin base. The second dorsal fin higher than the first; the pectoral fins are very short, less than 80% of head length. Swim bladder present. Lower sides and belly silvery white with colorless transverse lines alternated with rows of colorless dots. The first dorsal fin is yellow or bluish; the second reddish-brown; the anal fin and finlets dusky yellow and edged with black; the median caudal keel is black in adults. May be confused with several other tunas, these are typically much smaller and easily distinguished by specific patterns of stripes, bands or dots.

Oceanic but seasonally coming close to shore. They school by size, sometimes together with albacore, yellowfin, bigeye, skipjack etc. Visual predators (Ref. 88866) preying on small schooling fishes (anchovies, sauries, hakes) or on squids and red crabs. Live up to 40 years in the western Atlantic (Ref. 88822). Weight up to 900 kg (Ref. 88823). Eggs and larvae are pelagic (Ref. 6769). Juvenile growth is rapid (about 30 cm / year) but slower than in other tuna and billfish species (Ref. 88867). Adult growth is considerably slower, with about 10 years needed to reach two thirds of maximum length. Become rare because of massive overfishing (Ref. 35388).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | размножение | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | личинки

Oviparous batch spawner, with an inter-spawning interval of 1-2 days in the Mediterranean Sea (Ref. 88871). Females larger than 205 cm fork length are estimated to have a mean fecundity of 30-60 and 13-15 million eggs, in the western and eastern Atlantic respectively (Ref. 40805, Ref. 88871). Spawning occurs when sea surface temperatures are between 22.6-27.5 ºC and 22.5-25.5 ºC in the Gulf of Mexico and Mediterranean Sea respectively (88868). Spawning occurs between June and August in the Mediterranean Sea (Ref. 88868). Eggs are released directly to the water column and hatch after 2 days (Ref. 88823). At 24°C, embryo development lasts about 32 hours and larval stages about 30 days. Egg size 1.0 mm, larval length at hatching 2.8 mm. Spawning grounds are mainly known from the Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean Sea, but the presence of mature individuals and larvae far from these areas (e.g. Bahamas and central North Atlantic Ocean) suggest that other spawning grounds may also be utilized (Ref. 88873, Ref. 88874, Ref. 88872). Appears to display homing behaviour with (western-tagged individuals migrating back to specific spawning sites either in the Gulf of Mexico or the Mediterranean Sea) (Ref. 88872, Ref. 88870). Fidelity to natal areas seem to occur once individuals reach maturity, i.e. after returning to either the western or eastern spawning grounds (Ref. 88868).

Основная ссылка Upload your references | ссылки | координатор : Collette, Bruce B. | соавторы

Collette, B.B., 1999. Mackerels, molecules, and morphology. p. 149-164. In B. Séret and J.-Y. Sire (eds.) Proc. 5th Indo-Pac. Fish Conf., Noumea, Paris. (Ref. 33246)

Статус Красного Списка МСОП (Ref. 130435)

Не вызывающий беспокойства (LC) ; Date assessed: 15 January 2021

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Угроза для людей

Harmless

Использование человеком

рыболовство: коммерческий; аквакультура (рыбоводство): коммерческий; объект спортивного рыболовства: да

FAO(Aquaculture systems: production; рыболовство: production, Видовой профиль; publication : search) | FIRMS (Stock assessments) | FishSource | Sea Around Us

дополнительная информация

Trophic ecology
пищевые объекты
Diet compositions
Food consumptions
Food rations
хищники

Ecology
экология
Home ranges

Population dynamics
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Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Размерный состав
Mass conversions
Recruitments
Abundances

Life cycle
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Maturities
Fecundities
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Spawning aggregations
Egg(s)
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Distribution
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интродукции
BRUVS - Videos

Anatomy
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Otoliths

Physiology
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Nutrients
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Swimming type
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Visual pigment(s)
звуки, издаваемые рыбами
Diseases / Parasites
Toxicities (LC50s)

Genetics
генетика
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Human related
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Stamps, coins, misc.

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Taxonomy
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References
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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 7.5 - 24.7, mean 12.6 (based on 3084 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01230 (0.00997 - 0.01518), b=3.03 (2.99 - 3.07), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).

Trophic level (Ref. 69278): 4.5 ±0.8 se; based on diet studies.

устойчивость к внешним воздействиям (Ref. 120179): средний (среднего размера), минимальное время удвоения популяции 1.4-4.4 года (tm=3-5; tmax=15; Fec=10 million).

Prior r = 0.24, 95% CL = 0.16 - 0.35, Based on 5 full stock assessments.

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Very high vulnerability (82 of 100).

Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).

Категория цены (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Thunnus thynnus (Linnaeus, 1758)