Australia country information

Common names: Bluefin, Japanese Central Pacific Bluefin Tuna, SBT
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: common (usually seen) | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Importance: commercial | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Aquaculture: commercial | Ref: FAO, 1997
Regulations: restricted | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Uses: gamefish: yes;
Comments: Occurs in Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, (southern Queensland) and Tasmania (Ref. 9563). Stock structure: Southern bluefin tuna have a single spawning area and are morphologically uniform; studies have shown that tagged fish disperse rapidly over long distances. These phenomena indicate that southern bluefin tuna form a single stock in the southern hemisphere (Ref. 30320). Commercial fishery: Australian and Japanese fleets fish for southern bluefin tuna in the Australian Fishing Zone, and elsewhere these tuna are or have been fished by Japanese, Taiwanese, New Zealand, Indonesian and Korean fleets (Ref. 30322). In Australian waters, southern bluefin tuna are caught with drifting longlines, pole-and-line, purse seines, by trolling and sometimes with rod-and-reel. Southern bluefin tuna were occasionally caught by trolling before the 1940s. Experimental canning was undertaken in 1936 at a small cannery in southern New South Wales and in 1939 at the cannery at Port Lincoln, South Australia. However, the fishery did not become commercial until the early to mid 1950s off New South Wales and mid 1950s off South Australia when pole-and-line techniques were introduced (Ref. 30320). Catches in these States steadily expanded during the 1960s, and were supplemented during the 1970s by a rapidly growing Western Australian pole-and-line fishery. Aerial spotting extended the efficiency of locating fish and the range of the New South Wales and South Australian activities during the 1960s. Purse seining was successfully introduced in these areas in the mid 1970s (earlier attempts in 1953 and 1966 were largely unsuccessful). An effective joint operation was developed, using a pole vessel to hold fish at the surface with live bait while a purse seine was set around both the fish and pole boat. Catches expanded quickly, with the greater proportion of the South Australian and New South Wales catches taken by this combined pole and purse seine technique. However, after a production peak of 21,500 t in 1982, the Australian surface fishery catches were rapidly reduced by the imposition, and progressive reduction, of catch quotas. In 1991, the southern bluefin tuna catch by domestic vessels was less than 3000 t with the surface fishery located almost entirely off South Australia. The Western Australian fishery, after peaking at just over 6000 t in 1982-83, declined because of the transfer of quota to South Australia. The New South Wales surface fishery, on the other hand, collapsed in the early 1980s, when the occurrence of surface schools first declined and then virtually ceased (Ref. 30319). During the late 1980s the developing New South Wales small vessel longline fishery began to take southern bluefin tuna. Commercial trolling for southern bluefin tuna and albacore (Thunnus alalunga) has recently started off the Tasmanian east coast. Quantities taken are small but the return to fishers is good because the southern bluefin tuna are air-freighted fresh chilled to the Japanese ‘sashimi’ (raw fish) market. Japanese fishing for southern bluefin tuna with drifting longlines first commenced on the spawning grounds, spread south to the region of the West Wind Drift, then eastwards and westwards. By the late 1960s their fishing grounds extended from eastern New Zealand in the east to the South Atlantic in the west (Ref. 30318). Production peaked at 78,000 t in 1961 but had declined to around 20,000-30,000 t by the end of the 1970s despite continually increasing longline effort. During the 1980s, the catch declined to 11,500 t, then to 6065 t as quotas were implemented. The main areas of the Australian Fishing Zone fished for southern bluefin tuna by Japanese longliners were the waters adjacent to southern New South Wales, southern Tasmania and the Great Australian Bight; but incidental catches were taken from most areas of the Zone where southern bluefin tuna are present. Access restraints have recently confined Japanese southern bluefin tuna longlining in the Australian Fishing Zone to the Tasmanian region. However, joint venture arrangements between the Australian and Japanese industries have resulted in a portion of the Australian quota now being longlined. The joint venture fishers have access to some of the areas closed to licensed Japanese longliners. Southern bluefin tuna become available to the Western Australian surface fishery when approximately 40 cm FL (when about 1 kg and 1-2 years old) and to the South Australian fishery when about 2 years old. In general, they are fished by the Japanese longliners from approximately 90 cm (when about 15 kg and 4 years old) (Ref. 30319), but longline operations in the Great Australian Bight take small quantities of younger fish as well. Initially, most of the surface catch was canned. Towards the end of the 1980s about 30% of the Australian catch was still landed whole for canning. Now, virtually all southern bluefin tuna are gilled and gutted then air-freighted fresh, or shipped frozen, for the Japanese ‘sashimi’ market. Southern bluefin tuna taken by Japanese longliners are killed, gilled and gutted and frozen (to minus 60°C) during voyages lasting up to 15 months. Recreational fishery: Southern bluefin tuna of 7-20 kg were common in recreational catches off southern New South Wales until surface schools virtually disappeared there in the early 1980s. The Eaglehawk Neck area off eastern Tasmania was similarly affected, but troll catches resumed after the mid 1980s. Recreational troll catches off western Victoria and south-eastern South Australia failed for much of the 1980s, but showed a small recovery at the end of the decade. In Western Australia between Perth and Albany, 1-7 kg southern bluefin tuna are taken in small quantities by anglers. The Game Fishing Association of Australia record for southern bluefin tuna is 126 kg. Resource status: Trilateral scientific meetings between Australia, Japan and New Zealand have been held each year since 1982. The major conclusion of all assessments has been that the parent stock has continuously declined since the 1950s, the decline becoming more rapid in the early 1980s. Scientists have progressively become more pessimistic about the capacity of the stock to maintain adequate recruitment of young fish into the fishery. The 11th trilateral scientific meeting, in October 1992 in Japan, again concluded that the parent stock is at historically low levels, so the risk of recruitment collapse and the potential for parental stock collapse is at least as high as it has ever been. The meeting could not predict with certainty whether stocks would recover or decline in future under current catch levels (Ref. 30322). On a positive note, however, indications are that abundance of the juvenile stock has increased since 1986, mainly as a result of the drastic reduction of surface fishing in recent years. Different interpretations of the 1992 assessment lead to different predictions of appropriate catch levels: that there is a very high probability that the stock will increase not only under current catch levels but also under slightly higher catch levels; or, that there is a significant possibility that the stock is already in the process of recruitment collapse. While southern bluefin tuna currently support a valuable fishery, the value could be far greater if spawning populations could be rebuilt and the recruitment of young fish to the fishery enhanced. Also Ref. 2334.
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/as.html
National Fisheries Authority: http://www.csiro.au/
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Thon rouge du sud, Atún rojo del Sur, Southern bluefin, ... more

分類 / Names 俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Teleostei > Scombriformes (Mackerels) 鱸形目 (Mackerels) > Scombridae (Mackerels, tunas, bonitos) 鯖科 (Mackerels, tunas, bonitos) > Scombrinae
Etymology: Thunnus: Greek, thynnos = tunna (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Castelnau.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range 生態學

海洋; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 50 - 2743 m (Ref. 57178). 溫帶; 5°C - 20°C (Ref. 168); 10°S - 60°S, 180°W - 180°E (Ref. 54921)

分布國家 | FAO區域 | 生態系 | 發現紀錄 | Point map | 簡介 | Faunafri

Atlantic, Indian and Pacific: temperate and cold seas, mainly between 30°S and 50°S, to nearly 60°S. During spawning, large fish migrate to tropical seas, off the west coast of Australia, up to 10°S. Highly migratory species. If the current exploitation continues, the population will be below 500 mature individuals in 100 years (Ref. 27905).
大西洋，印度洋與太平洋: 溫帶與寒冷海洋, 主要地在 30個 °S 與 50個 °S 之間, 對將近 60個 ° S. 在產卵的時候，大的魚迴游到熱帶的海洋，外海的澳洲的西岸，達到 10個 ° S. 高度遷移的種,1982年海事法會議的附件一.(參考文獻 26139) 如果水流開發繼續, 族群在 100 年中將是在 500個成熟的個體之下。 (參考文獻 27905)

Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡

Maturity: L_m 122.0, range 120 - 130 cm
Max length : 245 cm FL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5203); common length : 160 cm FL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 9684); 最大體重: 260.0 kg (Ref. 5203); 最大年齡: 20 年 (Ref. 168)

簡短描述型態特徵 | 形態測量圖

脊椎骨: 39. A very large species, deepest near the middle of the first dorsal fin base. Swim bladder present. Lower sides and belly silvery white with colorless transverse lines alternating with rows of colorless dots. The first dorsal fin is yellow or bluish; the anal fin and finlets are dusky yellow edged with black; the median caudal keel is yellow in adults.
一個非常大的種, 深的在第一背鰭基底的中央的附近。有泳鰾。下側與腹面銀白色有無色的被其次為列的無色點的橫切線。第一背鰭是黃色或藍色的; 臀鰭與離鰭是暗黃色被黑色邊緣的; 中央的尾部龍骨脊是黃色的當成魚時。

By maturity, most southern bluefin tuna lead an oceanic, pelagic existence (Ref. 6390). Spawning fish and larvae are encountered in waters with surface temperatures between 20° and 30°C. An opportunistic feeder, preying on a wide variety of fishes, crustaceans, cephalopods, salps, and other marine animals. Mostly canned (Ref. 9684). A specialized fishery for sashimi-quality has been developed recently by New Zealand fishers. In Japan, it is highly prized for the sashimi markets.

藉著成熟，大多數的南方藍鰭鮪魚帶領一個大洋性又大洋性的生存。 (參考文獻 6390) 產卵魚而且和在 20個 ° 與 30個 ° C. 之間的表面溫度在水域中仔魚被見到一個隨機的捕食者, 捕食各式各樣的魚，甲殼動物，頭足類動物，被囊動物與其他的海洋動物。大部份裝於罐頭。 (參考文獻 9684) 一個被特殊化的漁場用作生魚片-品質最近已經被紐西蘭漁夫發展。在日本，它是因為高度地而被重視的生魚片市場。

Life cycle and mating behavior 成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚

It is not known whether all mature fish spawn each year, every few years, or even only once in their lifetime (Ref. 30320).大西洋，印度洋與太平洋: 溫帶與寒冷海洋, 主要地在 30個 °S 與 50個 °S 之間, 對將近 60個 ° S. 在產卵的時候，大的魚迴游到熱帶的海洋，外海的澳洲的西岸，達到 10個 ° S. 高度遷移的種,1982年海事法會議的附件一.(參考文獻 26139) 如果水流開發繼續, 族群在 100 年中將是在 500個成熟的個體之下。 (參考文獻 27905)

主要參考資料 Upload your references | 參考文獻 | 合作者 : Collette, Bruce B. | 合作者

Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 2. Scombrids of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas, mackerels, bonitos and related species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(2):137 p. (Ref. 168)

IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)

瀕危 (EN) (A1bd); Date assessed: 15 January 2021

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

對人類具威脅

無害處的

人類使用

漁業: 商業性; 養殖: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的

FAO(養殖: 產生; 漁業: 產生, 魚種描繪; publication : search) | FIRMS (Stock assessments) | FishSource | 周邊海洋

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 2.5 - 7.9, mean 5 (based on 439 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01288 (0.01067 - 0.01556), b=3.03 (2.99 - 3.07), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).

營養階層 (Ref. 69278): 3.9 ±0.53 se; based on food items.

回復力 (Ref. 120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.14-0.15; tm=8-9; tmax=20; Fec=14 million).

Prior r = 0.27, 95% CL = 0.18 - 0.41, Based on 1 stock assessment.

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): High to very high vulnerability (67 of 100).

Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).

價格種類 (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Thunnus maccoyii (Castelnau, 1872)

Common names from other countries

分類 / Names 俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range 生態學

分布國家 | FAO區域 | 生態系 | 發現紀錄 | Point map | 簡介 | Faunafri

Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡

簡短描述型態特徵 | 形態測量圖

生物學特性字彙 (例如 epibenthic)

Life cycle and mating behavior 成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚

主要參考資料 Upload your references | 參考文獻 | 合作者 : Collette, Bruce B. | 合作者

IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)

CITES (Ref. 128078)

CMS (Ref. 116361)

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人類使用

更多資訊

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Estimates based on models

Thunnus maccoyii (Castelnau, 1872)

Common names from other countries

分類 / Names 俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range 生態學

分布 國家 | FAO區域 | 生態系 | 發現紀錄 | Point map | 簡介 | Faunafri

Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡

簡短描述 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖

生物學特性 字彙 (例如 epibenthic)

Life cycle and mating behavior 成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚

主要參考資料 Upload your references | 參考文獻 | 合作者 : Collette, Bruce B. | 合作者

IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)

CITES (Ref. 128078)

CMS (Ref. 116361)

對人類具威脅

人類使用

更多資訊

工具

特別的報告

下載 XML

網路資源

Estimates based on models

分布國家 | FAO區域 | 生態系 | 發現紀錄 | Point map | 簡介 | Faunafri

簡短描述型態特徵 | 形態測量圖

生物學特性字彙 (例如 epibenthic)