An oceanic species occurring above and below the thermoclines. Pelagic in open water , but rarely seen near reefs (Ref. 48637). They school primarily by size, either in monospecific or multi-species groups. Larger fish frequently school with porpoises, also associated with floating debris and other objects. Feed on fishes, crustaceans and squids. It is sensitive to low concentrations of oxygen and therefore is not usually caught below 250 m in the tropics (Ref. 28952, 30329). Peak spawning occurs during the summer, in batches (Ref. 9684, 51846). Eggs and larvae are pelagic (Ref. 6769). Encircling nets are employed to catch schools near the surface (Ref. 9340). Caught mainly with longlines and purse seines. Marketed mainly fresh, frozen, canned (Ref. 9684), but also smoked (Ref. 9987). Highly valued for sashimi (Ref. 26938).
出现在温水层上下的一个大洋性的种。 一个开放水域大洋性, 但是很少见到在礁的附近.(参考文献 48637) 他们主要依照大小群集, 形成单一鱼种或多种群。 较大的鱼时常与鼠海豚一起群游, 也伴随着漂浮的残砾与其他的目标。 捕食鱼,甲壳动物与乌贼。 它是对低溶氧量敏感因此不常在热带中被在 250 公尺之下捕捉.(参考文献 28952,30329) 生殖高峰发生于夏天, 成批.(参考文献 9684) 围网被用来捕捉鱼群接近水表面。 (参考文献 9340) 主要地在市场上销售冻结而且装于罐头 (參考文獻 9684), 也生鮮地 (參考文獻 9340) 而且煙燻.(參考文獻 9987) 高度價值用作生魚片.(參考文獻 26938)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 16.5 - 28.9, mean 26.7 (based on 6382 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01479 (0.01210 - 0.01808), b=3.03 (2.99 - 3.07), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.4 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.13-0.42; tm=2-5; tmax=8; Fec=200,000).
Prior r = 0.36, 95% CL = 0.24 - 0.54, Based on 9 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (46 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (42 of 100).