Found in offshore waters; larvae restricted to waters with surface temperatures of 15°C to 30°C (Ref. 6390). Exhibit a strong tendency to school in surface waters with birds, drifting objects, sharks, whales and may show a characteristic behavior like jumping, feeding, foaming, etc. Feed on fishes, crustaceans, cephalopods and mollusks; cannibalism is common. Spawn throughout the year in the tropics, eggs released in several portions (Ref. 35388). Eggs and larvae are pelagic (Ref. 6769). Preyed upon by large pelagic fishes (Ref. 6885). Also taken by trolling on light tackle using plugs, spoons, feathers, or strip bait (Ref. 9684). Marketed fresh, frozen or canned (Ref. 9340, 9684 ); also dried-salted and smoked (Ref. 9987).
发现于离岸水域了; 仔鱼用对 30 °C 的 15 °C 的表面温度局限于水域了。 (参考文献 6390) 强烈地趋向于在水表群集伴随着鸟, 漂流目标,鲨鱼, 鲸而且可能显示一个特殊的行为类似跳跃, 进食,起泡沫, 等等捕食鱼,甲壳动物,头足类动物与软件动物; 嗜食同类是普遍。 被大的大洋性的鱼捕食了。 (参考文献 6885) 在使用人工饵,匙形假饵,条状诱饵的轻型渔具上也用拖钓捕获。 (参考文献 9684) 在市场上销售生鲜地了, 冻结或装于罐头;(参考文献 9340) 也乾燥盐腌而且烟熏.(参考文献 9987) 在热带中产卵全年度, 卵分好几次释出.(参考文献 35388)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 13.3 - 29, mean 26.2 (based on 8934 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01072 (0.00955 - 0.01202), b=3.10 (3.07 - 3.13), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.4 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.3-0.5; tm=2-3; tmax=12; Fec=61,516).
Prior r = 0.52, 95% CL = 0.35 - 0.79, Based on 9 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (41 of 100).