Korea (South) country information

Common names: 참다랑어
Occurrence: questionable
Salinity: marine
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: Outside distributional range, occurrence needs verification.
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/ks.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Kim, I.S., Y. Choi, C.L. Lee, Y.J. Lee, B.J. Kim and J.H. Kim, 2005
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Thon rouge de l'Atlantique, Atún rojo del Atlántico, تونة حمراء أطلسيَّة, ... more

Classificação / Names Nomes comuns | Sinónimos | Catalog of Fishes(Género, Espécies) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Scombriformes (Mackerels) > Scombridae (Mackerels, tunas, bonitos) > Scombrinae
Etymology: Thunnus: Greek, thynnos = tunna (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecologia

marinhas; estuarina; oceanódromo (Ref. 51243); intervalo de profundidade 0 - 985 m (Ref. 55291), usually 0 - 100 m. Subtropical; 3°C - 30°C (Ref. 88796); 69°N - 58°S, 99°W - 42°E

Distribuição Países | Áreas FAO | Ecossistemas | Ocorrências | Point map | Introduções | Faunafri

Western Atlantic: Labrador and Newfoundland to Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea to Venezuela and Brazil. Eastern Atlantic: Lofoten Islands off Norway to Canary Islands, including the Mediterranean and the southern part of the Black Sea (Ref. 6769). Reported from Mauritania (Ref. 5377). There is a subpopulation off South Africa. Highly migratory species.

Length at first maturity / Tamanho / Peso / Idade

Maturity: L_m 103.5, range 97 - 110 cm
Max length : 458 cm TL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 26340); common length : 200 cm FL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 168); peso máx. Publicado: 684.0 kg (Ref. 26340); Idade máx. registada: 32 anos (Ref. 5810)

Descrição breve Chaves de identificação | Morfologia | Morfometria

Espinhos dorsais (total) : 12 - 14; Raios dorsais moles (total) : 13 - 15; Espinhos anais: 0; Raios anais moles: 13 - 16; Vértebras: 39. A very large species, deepest near the middle of the first dorsal fin base. The second dorsal fin higher than the first; the pectoral fins are very short, less than 80% of head length. Swim bladder present. Lower sides and belly silvery white with colorless transverse lines alternated with rows of colorless dots. The first dorsal fin is yellow or bluish; the second reddish-brown; the anal fin and finlets dusky yellow and edged with black; the median caudal keel is black in adults. May be confused with several other tunas, these are typically much smaller and easily distinguished by specific patterns of stripes, bands or dots.

Oceanic but seasonally coming close to shore. They school by size, sometimes together with albacore, yellowfin, bigeye, skipjack etc. Visual predators (Ref. 88866) preying on small schooling fishes (anchovies, sauries, hakes) or on squids and red crabs. Live up to 40 years in the western Atlantic (Ref. 88822). Weight up to 900 kg (Ref. 88823). Eggs and larvae are pelagic (Ref. 6769). Juvenile growth is rapid (about 30 cm / year) but slower than in other tuna and billfish species (Ref. 88867). Adult growth is considerably slower, with about 10 years needed to reach two thirds of maximum length. Become rare because of massive overfishing (Ref. 35388).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Reprodução | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larvas

Oviparous batch spawner, with an inter-spawning interval of 1-2 days in the Mediterranean Sea (Ref. 88871). Females larger than 205 cm fork length are estimated to have a mean fecundity of 30-60 and 13-15 million eggs, in the western and eastern Atlantic respectively (Ref. 40805, Ref. 88871). Spawning occurs when sea surface temperatures are between 22.6-27.5 ºC and 22.5-25.5 ºC in the Gulf of Mexico and Mediterranean Sea respectively (88868). Spawning occurs between June and August in the Mediterranean Sea (Ref. 88868). Eggs are released directly to the water column and hatch after 2 days (Ref. 88823). At 24°C, embryo development lasts about 32 hours and larval stages about 30 days. Egg size 1.0 mm, larval length at hatching 2.8 mm. Spawning grounds are mainly known from the Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean Sea, but the presence of mature individuals and larvae far from these areas (e.g. Bahamas and central North Atlantic Ocean) suggest that other spawning grounds may also be utilized (Ref. 88873, Ref. 88874, Ref. 88872). Appears to display homing behaviour with (western-tagged individuals migrating back to specific spawning sites either in the Gulf of Mexico or the Mediterranean Sea) (Ref. 88872, Ref. 88870). Fidelity to natal areas seem to occur once individuals reach maturity, i.e. after returning to either the western or eastern spawning grounds (Ref. 88868).

Referência principal Upload your references | Referências | Coordenador : Collette, Bruce B. | Colaboradores

Collette, B.B., 1999. Mackerels, molecules, and morphology. p. 149-164. In B. Séret and J.-Y. Sire (eds.) Proc. 5th Indo-Pac. Fish Conf., Noumea, Paris. (Ref. 33246)

Categoria na Lista Vermelha da IUCN (Ref. 130435)

Preocupação menor (LC) ; Date assessed: 15 January 2021

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Ameaça para o homem

Harmless

Utilização humana

Pescarias: espécies comerciais; Aquacultura: espécies comerciais; peixe desportivo: sim

FAO(Aquaculture systems: produção; pescarias: produção, perfil da espécie; publication : search) | FIRMS (Stock assessments) | FishSource | Sea Around Us

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 7.5 - 24.7, mean 12.6 (based on 3084 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01230 (0.00997 - 0.01518), b=3.03 (2.99 - 3.07), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).

Nível Trófico (Ref. 69278): 4.5 ±0.8 se; based on diet studies.

Resiliência (Ref. 120179): Médio, tempo mínimo de duplicação da população 1,4 - 4,4 anos (tm=3-5; tmax=15; Fec=10 million).

Prior r = 0.24, 95% CL = 0.16 - 0.35, Based on 5 full stock assessments.

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Very high vulnerability (82 of 100).

Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).

Categoria de preço (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Thunnus thynnus (Linnaeus, 1758)