Gymnura micrura (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
Smooth butterfly ray
Arraia,  Arraia baté,  Arraia-borboleta,  Arraia-caã,  Arraia-manteiga,  Borboleta,  Carapiaçava,  Raia-borboleta,  Raia-manteiga,  Raia-mariquita,  Raia-olho-de-ovelha,  Raia-olhuda
Gymnura micrura
photo by JAMARC

Family:  Gymnuridae (Butterfly rays)
Max. size:  137 cm WD (male/unsexed); max.weight: 5,250.0 g
Environment:  demersal; brackish; marine; depth range - 55 m,
Distribution:  Southwestern Atlantic: Venezuela, including Trinidad and Tobago, to Brazil (Rio de Janeiro).
Diagnosis:  Broad, diamond-shaped ray with a very short tail lacking a dorsal spine (Ref. 26938). Snout protruding. Front edges of disk concave. Tail with low dorsal and ventral finfolds and 3 - 4 dark crossbars (Ref. 7251). Upper surface gray, brown, light green or purple with round spots. Lower surface white (Ref. 6902).
Biology:  Prefers neritic waters of the continental shelf and usually found on soft bottoms. May enter brackish estuaries or hyper-saline lagoons (Ref. 5217). Feeds on fish and shrimps (Ref. 28587); other crustaceans and clams (Ref. 27549). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Generally marketed salted (Ref. 5217).
IUCN Red List Status: Near Threatened (NT); Date assessed: 19 September 2020 (A2d) Ref. (130435)
Threat to humans:  harmless
Country info:  Southern boundary off Rio Grande do Sul (Ref. 94650). Relatively common in the northern and northeastern region of Brazil, with abundance declining towards the south where occurrence may be related to seasonal warmer water (Ref. 116399). Also Ref. 93252, 27549.


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