A pelagic fish, inhabiting near edge of continental shelf to shallow coastal waters, often of low salinity and high turbidity (Ref. 30199, 48637); also found in drop-offs, and shallow or gently sloping reef and lagoon waters (Ref. 1602, 48637). Feed primarily on small fishes like anchovies, clupeids, carangids, also squids and penaeoid shrimps. Usually hunts solitary and often swim in shallow water along coastal slopes (Ref. 48637). Eggs and larvae are pelagic (Ref. 6769). Caught mainly with drift gill nets, bamboo stake traps, midwater trawls, and by trolling. Marketed mainly fresh; also dried-salted; commonly made into fish balls (Ref. 9684), frozen, smoked, and canned (Ref. 9987). A lipid-soluble toxin, similar to ciguatoxin has been found in the flesh of specimens caught on the east coast of Queensland, Australia. Known to undertake lengthy long-shore migrations, but permanent resident populations also seem to exist.
從大陸棚的近邊緣到沿岸淺水區分佈了, 時常低鹽度與高混濁度.(參考文獻 30199) 也發現於海峭壁 , 與水淺或緩斜坡的礁與潟湖水域。 (參考文獻 1602) 已知進行長途的沿岸迴游, 但是永久的定居族群也似乎存在。 發現於小群魚群了。 (參考文獻 9684) 主要捕食像鯷魚，鯡魚，鰺，也捕食烏賊與對蝦的小魚。 一個脂質-溶解的毒素, 類似 ciguatoxin 已經被發現於在澳洲的昆士蘭省的東海岸上面捕獲的標本的肉。 在市場上銷售生鮮地了, 乾燥鹽醃 (參考文獻 9684), 冷凍, 煙燻了, 而且裝於罐頭;(參考文獻 9987) 通常製成了魚丸。
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 22.8 - 29, mean 28 (based on 1324 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00661 (0.00584 - 0.00747), b=3.00 (2.97 - 3.03), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.12-0.21; tm=2-3; tmax=14; Fec=590,000).
Prior r = 0.98, 95% CL = 0.65 - 1.47, Based on 1 full stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (52 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (75 of 100).
