Montenegro country information

Common names: [No common name]
Occurrence: native
Salinity: brackish
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments:
National Checklist:
Country Information: ttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mj.htm
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: McEachran, J.D. and C. Capapé, 1984
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Raie-papillon épineuse, Raya mariposa, Butterfly ray, ... more

Classification / Names Noms communs | Synonymes | Catalog of Fishes(Genre, Espèce) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Élasmobranches (requins et raies) (sharks and rays) > Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) > Gymnuridae (Butterfly rays)
Etymology: Gymnura: Greek, gymnos = naked + Greek, oura = tail (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Écologie

marin; saumâtre démersal; profondeur 5 - 100 m (Ref. 6808). Subtropical; 47°N - 39°S, 98°W - 42°E

Distribution Pays | Zones FAO | Écosystèmes | Occurrences | Point map | Introductions | Faunafri

Western Atlantic: southern New England, USA, Brazil (Ref. 7251) to Argentina (Ref. 58839). Eastern Atlantic: Portugal to Ambriz, Angola (including the Mediterranean, Black Sea, and the Madeira and Canary islands).

Taille / Poids / Âge

Maturity: L_m ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 400 cm WD mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 3709); common length : 200 cm WD mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 3709); poids max. publié: 60.0 kg (Ref. 4699)

Description synthétique Clés d'identification | Morphologie | Morphométrie

Tail short armed with spine. Disk very broad. Very low dorsal and ventral finfolds on tail (Ref. 7251). Disk dark brown to grayish, lower surface of disc and of pelvic fins white, brownish, rosy or rusty cast. Tail white or rosy white below (Ref. 6902).

Maximum length measured is 140 cm (Ref. 5377). Occurs over sand and mud. Feeds on fishes, crustaceans, mollusks and plankton. Ovoviviparous, gestation lasting about 6 months with 4 to 7 embryos produced per female (Ref. 6676).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Reproduction | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larves

Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).

Référence principale Upload your references | Références | Coordinateur : McEachran, John | Collaborateurs

Bauchot, M.-L., 1987. Raies et autres batoides. p. 845-886. In W. Fischer, M.L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) Fiches FAO d'identificationpour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). Mèditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Vol. II. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3261)

Statut dans la liste rouge de l'IUCN (Ref. 130435)

Menacé (EN) (A2d); Date assessed: 21 June 2019

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Menace pour l'homme

Harmless

Utilisations par l'homme

Pêcheries: intérêt commercial mineur; pêche sportive: oui

FAO(pêcheries: production; publication : search) | FishSource | Sea Around Us

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 14.9 - 27.8, mean 23.6 (based on 860 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01122 (0.00613 - 0.02054), b=3.11 (2.94 - 3.28), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref. 93245).

Niveau trophique (Ref. 69278): 4.5 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.

Résilience (Ref. 120179): Très faible, temps minimum de doublement de population supérieur à 14 ans (Fec 4-7).

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).

Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649): High vulnerability (60 of 100).

Catégorie de prix (Ref. 80766): High.

Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758)