分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Osteoglossiformes (Bony tongues)
骨舌魚目 (Bony tongues) >
Arapaimidae (Bonytongues)
巨鯡科 (Bonytongues)
Etymology: Heterotis: Greek, heteros = other + Greek, ous, otis = ear (Ref. 45335); niloticus: Named after M. Ehrenberg, scientist (Ref. 50686).
More on author: Cuvier.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水 大洋性; 深度上下限 1 - ? m (Ref. 13851). 熱帶; 25°C - 30°C (Ref. 2060); 16°N - 3°N, 17°W - 37°E
Africa: native in all basins of the Sahelo-Sudanese region, the Senegal, Gambia, Corubal, Volta, Ouémé, Niger, Bénoue, Chad and Nile basins and Lake Turkana (Ref. 2920, 3012, 3514). Successful introductions in the storage reservoirs of Côte d'Ivoire, Cross, Sanaga, Nyong and Ogowe rivers and the lower and middle Congo basin, including Ubangui and Kasaï (Ref. 2920); rapidly enlarged its distribution in the Lualaba, upper Congo basin, after extraordinary inundations in 1979 (Ref. 51906). Also introduced in Madagascar (Ref. 3514, 13333). Several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction.
非洲: 原產於 Sahelo-Sudanese 區域，塞內加爾，甘比亞， Corubal ，佛塔河， Oueme ，尼日， Benoue ，查德與尼羅河流域的所有流域與特坎那湖.(參考文獻 2920, 參考文獻 3012, 參考文獻 3514) 在象牙海岸的水庫, 十字河，沙那加河， Nyong 與奧克維河與剛果河流域下游與中游中的成功引入, 包括 Ubangui 與 Kasai.(參考文獻 2920) 也在馬達加斯加引入。 (參考文獻 13333) 引入後的一些國家報告不利的生態衝擊。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 40.0, range 40 - 40 cm
Max length : 100.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 31256); 最大體重: 10.2 kg (Ref. 2920)
背棘 (總數): 0; 背的軟條 (總數): 32-37; 臀棘 0; 臀鰭軟條: 34 - 39; 脊椎骨: 66 - 69. Elongated and robust body, its height 3.5-5 times in SL (Ref. 2920). Relatively short head, its length 3.5-5 times in standard length (Ref. 2920, 5156). Dermal bones of cranium deeply carved by large sensory pits (Ref. 1878, 2920). Lips thick; dermal flap on border of gill cover (Ref. 13851). Teeth conical (Ref. 5156). Dorsal and anal fins spineless, elongated and posteriorly positioned, ending close to the small, rounded caudal fin (Ref. 3032, 13851, 28714, 30488). Caudal peduncle very short (Ref. 2756, 3054, 3069). Scales strong, thick, large (Ref. 28714, 30488), oval, with exposed portion thick and corrugated, with a more or less vermiform sculpture (Ref. 53264). 34-40 lateral-line scales, 2.5/6 scales on lateral side of body before pelvic fin, 5-6 scales between dorsal and anal fin (Ref. 367, 2756, 2920, 5156). Lateral line a straight line from above operculum to middle of caudal peduncle (Ref. 1878). Number of gill rakers increases with size: 33 (young) to 98 on ceratobranchial and 21 (young) to 76 on epibranchial (Ref. 2920). Young specimens with external gills (Ref. 30488). Coloration a uniform gray, brown or bronze (Ref. 2920), darker during period of reproduction (Ref. 367). Young specimens often with dark longitudinal bands and scales with an oval spot in posterior zone of anal and dorsal fins (Ref. 2920).
延長的與結實的身體 , 它的高度 3.5 到 5 倍標準的長度.(參考文獻 2920) 相當短的頭部, 它的長度 3.5 到 5 倍標準的長度.(參考文獻 2920, 參考文獻 5156) 頭蓋的真皮的骨骼藉著大知覺的窪凹深深地是有雕刻的。 (參考文獻 1878, 參考文獻 2920) 唇是厚的，而且在鰓蓋的邊緣上有一個皮蓋。 (參考文獻 13851) 錐形齒.(參考文獻 5156) 背鰭與臀鰭, 那是無棘的, 瘦長的而且在後部地放置, 終止接近小又圓形的尾鰭.(參考文獻 3032, 參考文獻 13851, 參考文獻 28714, 參考文獻 30488) 尾柄非常短的.(參考文獻 2756, 參考文獻 3054, 參考文獻 3069) 強勁地, 大的鱗片 (參考文獻 28714, 參考文獻 30488), 橢圓形用裸露的部分厚而縮成皺紋的, 具有一個約略蠕蟲狀的雕刻:(參考文獻 53264) 34-40個側線鱗片, 腹鰭前的在身體的側面側邊上的 2.5/6個鱗片, 背部的和臀鰭之間的 5-6 鱗片.(參考文獻 367, 參考文獻 2756, 參考文獻 2920, 參考文獻 5156) 側線正在延伸成一直線從上方鰓蓋到尾梗中央.(參考文獻 1878) 鰓耙的數字隨著長度增加; 33(幼魚) 到 98 在角鰓骨上與 21(幼魚) 到 76 在上鰓骨上.(參考文獻 2920) 幼魚持有外鰓。 (參考文獻 30488) 均勻的灰色﹐褐色或青銅色的色彩 (參考文獻 2920), 比較深色的在繁殖的時候-時期.(參考文獻 367) 幼魚時常被有顯著的深色縱向的條紋而且在臀鰭與背鰭的後面的區域中鱗片有一個橢圓形的斑點。 (參考文獻 2920)
Obligate air-breathing (Ref. 126274); Obligate air-breathing (Ref. 126274), able to survive in deoxygenated waters; the hardiness of this fish, together with its great growth rate make it a candidate for aquaculture in Africa and it has been transported to a number of countries for this purpose (Ref. 1739, 50623). Escapees from ponds into the wild resulted in established populations, which form the basis for fisheries (Ref. 1739). Maximum observed length in Lake Kainji: 100 cm, observed weight: 10000 g (Ref. 3034, 3799). Young found in swampy places among aquatic vegetation (Ref. 5156, 30488). Adults live in open water of rivers and lakes, in both the pelagic and littoral zone (Ref. 5156). Feeds on mud (Ref. 6160, 28714), phytoplankton (Ref. 3023, 28714, 31256), vegetable debris and small invertebrates (Ref. 28714). The only plankton-feeder of the Osteoglossidae (Ref. 13851). Suprabranchial organ has a sensory function and a mechanic function in concentrating little food particles (Ref. 3012, 50624). During breeding, mature adults create a circular nest in swamps (Ref. 13851, 26281, 41544). Young leave the nest after a few days and are guarded by the male (Ref. 26281).
在 Kainji湖的最大觀測體長: 100 公分,觀察重量: 10000 g.(參考文獻 3034, 參考文獻 3799) 幼魚發現於在水生植物之中的沼澤地方了;(參考文獻 5156, 參考文獻 30488) 成魚生活於河川與湖泊的開放水域, 在那裡它們在大洋性的區域中被發現於以及海濱的區域.(參考文獻 5156) 它的附加鰓的空氣呼吸器官使它能夠在去氧的水域中存活; 這一個魚的耐力, 伴隨著它的良好成長率對於在非洲的水產業使它成為一個候選魚種而且它有為這一個目的被傳送到一些國家.(參考文獻 1739, 參考文獻 50623) 從池塘到荒野的逃亡者造成了確定的族群, 對於漁場形成基礎.(參考文獻 1739) 這種一般認為作為一個泥-捕食者 (參考文獻 6160), 但是在非洲西方部也作為一個浮游植物捕食者.(參考文獻 3023, 參考文獻 31256) 它大部分捕食浮游生物,作為唯一的浮游生物-Osteoglossidae 的捕食者.(參考文獻 13851) 它有有一個知覺的功能的一個鰓前器官, 也在集中小食物粒子方面的一個機械工功能.(參考文獻 3012, 參考文獻 50624) 在繁殖的時候，它在沼澤中創造一個圓形的巢。 (參考文獻 13851, 參考文獻 26281, 參考文獻 41544) 幼魚離開巢在數天之後而且被由雄魚保衛.(參考文獻 26281)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Breeds in the wet season in swamps and floodplains (Ref. 28714), building a circular nest about 1 m in diameter and 20 to 60 cm deep (Ref. 26281). The rim of the nest is a high wall formed out of plant chunks, about 15-20 cm thick and projecting above the water surface; the bottom is a clean platform of clay or mud; after spawning the fish leave by way of a hole in the wall through which, 5 days later, the young leave the nest and are guarded by the male (Ref. 26281). Also Ref. 3074, 10609, 36900.非洲: 原產於 Sahelo-Sudanese 區域，塞內加爾，甘比亞， Corubal ，佛塔河， Oueme ，尼日， Benoue ，查德與尼羅河流域的所有流域與特坎那湖.(參考文獻 2920, 參考文獻 3012, 參考文獻 3514) 在象牙海岸的水庫, 十字河，沙那加河， Nyong 與奧克維河與剛果河流域下游與中游中的成功引入, 包括 Ubangui 與 Kasai.(參考文獻 2920) 也在馬達加斯加引入。 (參考文獻 13333) 引入後的一些國家報告不利的生態衝擊。
Paugy, D., 1990. Osteoglossidae. p. 114-115. In C. Lévêque, D. Paugy and G.G. Teugels (eds.) Faune des poissons d'eaux douces et saumâtres de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. Tome 1. Coll. Faune Trop. n°XXVIII. Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren and Éditions de l'ORSTOM, Paris. 384 p. (Ref. 2920)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 養殖: 商業性; 水族館: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 2.7 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.22-0.4; Fec > 1,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (55 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 77.4 [37.9, 190.3] mg/100g; Iron = 1.48 [0.76, 3.78] mg/100g; Protein = 16.8 [14.3, 19.1] %; Omega3 = 0.449 [0.166, 1.282] g/100g; Selenium = 76 [24, 210] μg/100g; VitaminA = 20.9 [6.4, 68.6] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.54 [1.01, 2.45] mg/100g (wet weight);
