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Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Umbrina: Latin, umbra, -ae = shadow, in the sense of phantom; due to its quick movements (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Cuvier.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologia
marino; salmastro demersale; distribuzione batimetrica 5 - 15 m. Subtropical; 38°N - 30°S, 98°W - 34°W
Western Atlantic: Bahamas and Virginia and Texas (USA) to Recife, Brazil. Including Antilles and northern South America (Ref. 26938).
Size / Peso / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 35.0 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 9626); common length : 25.0 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 3702)
Inhabits the surf zone along sandy beaches, but in clear water. Also occurs over muddy bottoms in estuaries and sometimes near coral reef areas. Feeds on small crustaceans washed out of sand by the surf (Ref. 5521). Large specimens are marketed mostly fresh; smaller ones are used as bait.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturità | Riproduzione | Deposizione | Uova | Fecundity | Larve
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Pesca: scarso interesse commerciale; esca: occasionally
Informazioni ulteriori
Nomi ComuniSinonimiMetabolismoPredatoriEcotossicologiaRiproduzioneMaturitàDeposizioneSpawning aggregationFecundityUovaEgg development
BibliografiaAcquacolturaProfilo di acquacolturaVarietàGeneticaElectrophoresesEreditarietàMalattieElaborazioneNutrientsMass conversion
CollaboratoriImmaginiStamps, Coins Misc.SuoniCiguateraVelocitàModalità di nuotoArea branchialeOtolithsCervelliVista
Strumenti
Special reports
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 23.4 - 28, mean 26.1 °C (based on 376 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00851 (0.00549 - 0.01319), b=3.09 (2.96 - 3.22), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.1 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 3.1 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Resilienza (Ref.
120179): Medio, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione 1.4 - 4.4 anni (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (32 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 108 [57, 214] mg/100g; Iron = 1.08 [0.56, 1.92] mg/100g; Protein = 19.6 [18.5, 20.7] %; Omega3 = 0.297 [0.162, 0.506] g/100g; Selenium = 17.2 [9.4, 33.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 13.3 [4.8, 41.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.08 [0.78, 1.64] mg/100g (wet weight);