| Ref. principal | Maigret, J. and B. Ly, 1986 |
|---|---|
| Notas | Frequently encountered in coastal waters (Refs. 27000, 127989). Occurs near the bottom or in midwater, over muddy substrates (Ref. 5377). Found in small schools (Refs. 4968, 127989). Feeds on fishes (Refs. 5213, 127989). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | Benthic: demersal; Soft Bottom: mud; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Tipo de alimentação | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Bianchi, G., K.E. Carpenter, J.-P. Roux, F.J. Molloy, D. Boyer and H.J. Boyer, 1999 |
| Hábito alimentar | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Haimovici, M., A.S. Martins, J.L. Figueiredo and P.C. Vieira, 1994 |
| Estimation method | Amostra original | População virgem (não pescada) | Nota | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| Da composição da dieta | 4.50 | Troph of adults from 1 study. | |||
| Dos itens alimentares individuais | 4.22 | 0.73 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 | ||||