| อ้างอิงหลัก | Blaber, S.J.M., 1980 |
|---|---|
| ข้อสังเกต | A pelagic species (Refs. 26340, 9773) found over lagoon and seaward reefs. Solitary or in small groups (Ref. 11889). Present in seagrass beds at adult stage (Ref. 41878). Feeds on fishes (Refs. 11889, 9773). Oviparous (Ref. 205). Eggs may be found attached to objects in the water by tendrils on the egg's surface (Ref. 205). Feared by fishers because they can cause puncture wounds with their sharp snouts when jumping out of the water, e.g. when alarmed or attracted to lights at night. Carnivorous (Refs. 9137, 9773). Caught by casting or trolling surface or near-surface lures; also with purse seines and drift nets. Marketed mostly fresh (Ref. 9682). Inhabits coastal waters (Ref. 9773). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | Pelagic; Soft Bottom |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | Al-Abdessalaam, T.Z.S., 1995 |
| Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs; |
| Special habitats Ref. | Gell, F.R. and M.W. Whittington, 2002 |
| อ้างอิง | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| วิธีการให้อาหาร | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
| นิสัยในการกินอาหาร | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
| Estimation method | ตัวอย่างดั้งเดิม | ประชากรที่ยังไม่มีการทำการประมง | ข้อสังเกต | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| จากส่วนประกอบของอาหาร | 4.43 | 0.43 | 4.31 | 0.70 | Troph of juv./adults from 3 studies. |
| จากรายการอาหารของสัตว์แต่ละชนิด | 4.33 | 0.74 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| อ้างอิง | Sierra, L.M., R. Claro and O.A. Popova, 1994 | ||||