主要參考文獻 | van der Elst, R.P. and F. Adkin (eds.), 1991 |
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附註 | Inhabits coastal waters (Ref. 30573), and sandy areas (Ref. 9137). Abundant in shallow water and often caught at the surf-line or in rock pools (Ref. 9987). Larger, solitary fish sometimes enter brackish mangrove areas (Ref. 9987). Juveniles in estuaries move into deeper water with growth (Ref. 4335). Feeds on benthic invertebrates, mainly mollusks (Ref. 5213); also on crabs and worms (Ref. 9137) and aquatic macrophytes (Ref. 26055). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand;: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Letourneur, Y., P. Chabanet, P. Durville, M. Taquet, E. Teissier, M. Parmentier, J.-C. Quéro and K. Pothin, 2004 |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006 |
參考文獻 | Lieske, E. and R. Myers, 1994 |
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Associations | schooling; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
攝取食物的類型 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | van der Elst, R.P. and F. Adkin (eds.), 1991 |
攝取食物的習慣 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Fischer, W., I. Sousa, C. Silva, A. de Freitas, J.M. Poutiers, W. Schneider, T.C. Borges, J.P. Feral and A. Massinga, 1990 |
Estimation method | 最初的樣本 | 不捕獲族群 | 附註 | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
從食物內容 | 3.37 | 0.58 | |||
從個別的食物項目 | 3.25 | 0.47 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
參考文獻 | Blaber, S.J.M., 1984 |