Réf. Princ. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
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Remarques | Occur in the vicinity of coral or rocky reefs (Ref. 5484), often over adjacent sand flats and gravel patches (Ref. 55). Also trawled in deeper water on relatively flat bottoms. Juveniles are frequently commensal with sea urchins (Ref. 55). Juveniles less than 20 cm long are common in near shore, turbid waters (Ref. 27260), in mangrove areas (Ref. 55), or among both coastal and deeper water offshore reefs (Ref. 27260). Juveniles can also be found swimming amongst the spines of urchins in shallow coastal bays (Ref. 48635). They move to deeper waters as they grow larger (Ref. 27264), with large fish often moving into shallower water during the winter months (Ref. 27260, 27264). They form schools of similar-sized individuals or are solitary (Ref. 6390). Feed on fishes, crabs, stomatopods, other benthic crustaceans and cephalopods. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrat | Soft Bottom: sand; Hard Bottom: rubble; |
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Substrate Ref. | Broad, G., 2003 |
Habitats spéciaux | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006 |
Réf. | |
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Associations | |
Associé avec | |
Remarques sur les associations | |
Parasitisme |
Type de prise alimentaire | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
Habitude alimentaire | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
Estimation method | Échantillon original | Population non pêchée | Remarque | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
À partir du régime alimentaire | 4.09 | 0.40 | 4.45 | 0.83 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
À partir des éléments alimentaires | 3.86 | 0.62 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Réf. | Salini, J.P., S.J.M. Blaber and D.T. Brewer, 1994 |