| อ้างอิงหลัก | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
|---|---|
| ข้อสังเกต | Occurs in shallow, clear, warm, coastal waters over coral reefs. Often near the shelter of elkhorn corals and gorgonians (Ref. 9710). Juveniles are encountered over sand bottoms with or without seagrass (Thalassia), and over muddy bottoms of lagoons or mangrove areas (Also Ref. 128694). Young sometimes enter brackishwaters. Sometimes forms resting aggregations during the day. Feeds on fishes, shrimps, crabs, worms, gastropods and cephalopods. Carnivore (Ref. 57616). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand; mud; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs; |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| อ้างอิง | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | Cleaned by Pederson's cleaner shrimp (Periclimenes pedersoni), goby (Gobiosoma evelynae and others), and hogfish (Bodianus rufus) as observed on the coral reefs in Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles (Ref. 36810). |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| วิธีการให้อาหาร | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Sierra, L.M., R. Claro and O.A. Popova, 1994 |
| นิสัยในการกินอาหาร | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Dominici-Arosemena, A. and M. Wolff, 2005 |
| Estimation method | ตัวอย่างดั้งเดิม | ประชากรที่ยังไม่มีการทำการประมง | ข้อสังเกต | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| จากส่วนประกอบของอาหาร | 4.25 | 0.43 | 4.06 | 0.65 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
| จากรายการอาหารของสัตว์แต่ละชนิด | 3.76 | 0.57 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| อ้างอิง | Randall, J.E., 1967 | ||||