主要参考文献 | Cervigón, F., R. Cipriani, W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, M. Hendrickx, A.J. Lemus, R. Márquez, J.M. Poutiers, G. Robaina and B. Rodriguez, 1992 |
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附注 | Found over soft bottoms of the continental shelf; sometimes forming schools near the surface (Ref. 5217). Feeds on fish, cephalopods, zooplankton and detritus (Ref. 28587, 57616). Juveniles common in brackish estuaries (Ref. 5217) and often associated with jellyfish. Larvae feed primarily on cladoceran Penilia avirostris, copepods and nauplii, and the number and size of prey increased with larval development (Ref. 75983). These are the main food item components of the larval diet in spring and summer. Larval feeding incidence was higher during the day and it increases as the larvae grow (Ref. 75983). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
参考文献 | Cervigón, F., R. Cipriani, W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, M. Hendrickx, A.J. Lemus, R. Márquez, J.M. Poutiers, G. Robaina and B. Rodriguez, 1992 |
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Associations | schooling; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
摄取食物的类型 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Diouf, P.S., 1996 |
摄取食物的习惯 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Gómez-Canchong, P., L. Manjarrés M., L.O. Duarte and J. Altamar, 2004 |
Estimation method | 最初的样本 | 不捕获族群 | 附注 | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
从食物内容 | 3.54 | 0.21 | 3.23 | 0.53 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
从个别的食物项目 | 3.53 | 0.44 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
参考文献 | Gómez-Canchong, P., L. Manjarrés M., L.O. Duarte and J. Altamar, 2004 |