| อ้างอิงหลัก | Paxton, J.R., D.F. Hoese, G.R. Allen and J.E. Hanley, 1989 |
|---|---|
| ข้อสังเกต | An oceanic and insular species, very much restricted to clear oceanic waters (Ref. 9283). Occurs in inshore waters of the continental shelf (Ref. 7300). Not commonly found in shallow banks (Ref. 9283). Sometimes seen near drop-off at outer edge of reefs (Ref. 26938). Key habitat is off reef slopes in waters deeper than 30 m (Ref. 122680). Forms large schools during feeding (Ref. 9283). Feeds on fishes at night (Ref. 5213). Piscivore (Ref. 57615) |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | Hard Bottom; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | Coral Reefs: reef slope/drop-offs; |
| Special habitats Ref. | Dominici-Arosemena, A. and M. Wolff, 2006 |
| อ้างอิง | |
|---|---|
| Associations | schooling; |
| Associated with | Cleaned by hogfish, Bodianus rufus, as observed on the coral reefs in Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles (Ref. 36810). |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| วิธีการให้อาหาร | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Honebrink, R., 1990 |
| นิสัยในการกินอาหาร | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Honebrink, R., 1990 |
| Estimation method | ตัวอย่างดั้งเดิม | ประชากรที่ยังไม่มีการทำการประมง | ข้อสังเกต | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| จากส่วนประกอบของอาหาร | 4.50 | 0.80 | 4.32 | 0.70 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
| จากรายการอาหารของสัตว์แต่ละชนิด | 4.00 | 0.65 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| อ้างอิง | Randall, J.E., 1967 | ||||