Classification / Names Common names | Synonyms | Catalog of Fishes(genus, species) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays) > Torpediniformes (Electric rays) > Narkidae (Sleeper rays)
Etymology: More on author: Gray.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecology

Marine; demersal. Tropical; 13°N - 2°N, 92°E - 111°E (Ref. 114953)

Distribution Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Point map | Introductions | Faunafri

Indo-West Pacific: Andaman Sea near the southern Thai- Burma border through the Straits of Malacca and the Malay Peninsula to Singapore and Viet Nam, occurs off Thailand but coast and locality is uncertain.

Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age

Maturity: L_m 11.5, range 11 - 12 cm
Max length : 46.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 9913)

Found in continental waters, both inshore and offshore (Ref. 9913); primarily inshore on soft substrates (Ref. 114953). Probably feeds on small benthic invertebrates. Females reported to produce 4 pups a litter (Ref. 114953). Biology little known (Ref. 9913). Maturity size of males reaches at 8-10 cm TL (Ref. 114953).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae

Main reference Upload your references | References | Coordinator : Carvalho, Marcelo | Collaborators

Compagno, L.J.V. and P.R. Last, 1999. Narkidae. Sleeper rays. p. 1443-1446. In K.E. Carpenter and V.H. Niem (eds.) FAO identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9913)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 126983)

Vulnerable (VU) (A2d); Date assessed: 31 October 2020

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Other

Human uses

Aquarium: public aquariums

FAO - Publication: search | FishSource |

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Internet sources

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 23.2 - 28.4, mean 27.3 °C (based on 365 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 1.0002 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00244 - 0.04107), b=3.04 (2.81 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref. 93245).

Trophic level (Ref. 69278): 3.3 ±0.3 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives

Resilience (Ref. 120179): Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years (Assuming fecundity<100).

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Moderate vulnerability (36 of 100).

Temera hardwickii Gray, 1831