Issue
The 3 subspecies were upraised at species rank, as provisionally accepted names, , until more works are conducted on T. acus susbepcies to fix their status.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Écologie
marin récifal; profondeur 0 - ? m. Subtropical; 43°N - , 98°W - 36°E
Western Atlantic: Massachusetts, USA to Brazil. Eastern Atlantic: off Morocco and the Mediterranean (Ref. 5505).
Length at first maturity / Taille / Poids / Âge
Maturity: Lm 47.3, range 45 - 50 cm
Max length : 153 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 26340); common length : 90.0 cm SL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 3129); poids max. publié: 3.7 kg (Ref. 4699)
Épines dorsales (Total): 0; Rayons mous dorsaux (Total): 20-27; Épines anales 0; Rayons mous anaux: 20 - 24; Vertèbres: 90 - 95. Diagnosis: body elongate; upper and lower jaws extremely long, forming a stout beak armed with very sharp teeth; gill rakers absent (Ref. 57228, 90102). Nostrils in depression before eyes (nasal pit); pelvic fins abdominal; 20-26 dorsal-fin rays; anal fin short, 9.7-11.7 times in body length; small, black lateral keel on either sides of caudal peduncle; caudal fin deeply forked (Ref. 57228).
Inhabits oceanic and neritic waters (Ref. 26340). Feeds on small fishes. Oviparous (Ref. 205). Eggs may be found attached to objects in the water by tendrils on the egg's surface (Ref. 205). Although sold fresh and salted, its market is limited due to the green-colored flesh (Ref. 5217). Circumglobal in tropical seas and divisible into four subspecies (Ref 90102).
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
Statut dans la liste rouge de l'IUCN (Ref. 130435)
Menace pour l'homme
Traumatogenic (Ref. 26235)
Utilisations par l'homme
Pêcheries: commercial; pêche sportive: oui
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 20 - 28.5, mean 26.5 °C (based on 1282 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5078 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00093 (0.00049 - 0.00176), b=3.11 (2.95 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Niveau trophique (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.6 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 2.5 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Résilience (Ref.
120179): Haut, temps minimum de doublement de population inférieur à 15 mois (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 33 [8, 135] mg/100g; Iron = 0.498 [0.212, 1.475] mg/100g; Protein = 17.2 [14.4, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 0.16 [0.06, 0.47] g/100g; Selenium = 16.9 [6.9, 46.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 102 [14, 608] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.447 [0.259, 0.773] mg/100g (wet weight);
