Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays)
鰩目 (Stingrays) >
Dasyatidae (Stingrays)
土魟科 (Stingrays) > Hypolophinae
Etymology: Pastinachus: Latin, pastinaca = a sting ray (Ref. 45335).
Issue
This species which is similar to Pastinachus ater, an Indo-West Pacific species, is found only in Northwestern Indian Ocean. Erroneous information will be deleted.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 礁區魚類; 非產卵性溯降河的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 60 m (Ref. 6871). 熱帶
Northwestern Indian Ocean: Red Sea to Pakistan.
印度-西太平洋: 紅海, 波斯灣與南非至密克羅尼西亞,北至日本, 南至美拉尼西亞與阿拉弗拉海.(參考文獻 9819)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 98.0, range 96 - 100 cm
Max length : 183 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 37816); common length : 65.0 cm WD 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 27550)
背棘 (總數): 0; 背的軟條 (總數): 0. A large, plain, dark stingray with an angular snout and pectoral disc; tail long and broad-based, less than twice body length, and with no upper caudal finfold but with high lower caudal finfold- 2 to 3 times depth of tail but not reaching tail tip; no large thorns; 1 or 2 long stings on tail, further behind tail base than in most stingrays; unique hexagonal, high-crowned teeth (Ref. 5578). Dark brown or black dorsally without conspicuous markings, white ventrally (Ref. 5578). Tail black (Ref. 3263).
一個大的﹐單色的﹐和深色的魟有一個有角的吻與胸盤; 尾部長而基底寬的, 小於兩倍體長, 而且沒有上尾部的鰭褶但是有高的下尾部的鰭褶- 2 到 3 倍高於尾部但是不達到尾部頂端; 沒有大的刺; 在尾部上的 1 或 2 長的刺, 在尾部基底更後面超過在大部分的魟中; 獨特的六角形又高冠的齒.(參考文獻 5578) 深褐色或黑色的背面沒有顯著的斑紋, 腹側白色的.(參考文獻 5578) 尾部黑色.(參考文獻 3263)
Found in lagoons, reef flats, and reef faces (Ref. 12951). Also in rivers far from the sea (Ref. 5578). Feeds on bony fishes, worms, shrimp, and crabs (Ref. 12951). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Adults are sometimes accompanied by remoras or members of the trevally family (Ref. 6871). Size at birth about 18 cm WD or larger (Ref. 6871). Flesh utilized as food and skin used for polishing wood (Ref. 4832). Possibly caught by sports anglers (Ref. 5578). Recently there is a targeted fishery on this species for its skin, which is used as 'shagreen' in fashion accessories, from wallets to fancy pens; as a result, the species is in danger of disappearance (IHT 26.11.2005, p.5). Maximum length about 300 cm TL (Ref. 30573).
發現於潟湖，礁石平臺與礁面了。 (參考文獻 12951) 也在河中遠離海洋。 (參考文獻 5578) 吃硬骨魚類，蠕蟲，蝦與螃蟹。 (參考文獻 12951) 卵胎生的.(參考文獻 50449) 成魚有時被伴隨著鰺科魚類該科的印魚或成員。 (參考文獻 6871) 出生時的大小大約 18 公分 WD 或比較大的.(參考文獻 6871) 魚肉利用當作食物，而且皮膚用來了拋光木材。 (參考文獻 4832) 可能地被運動垂釣者捕獲了。 (參考文獻 5578) 最大的長度大約 300 公分TL.(參考文獻 30573)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Size at birth ~ 18 cm WD (Ref.58048). 印度-西太平洋: 紅海, 波斯灣與南非至密克羅尼西亞,北至日本, 南至美拉尼西亞與阿拉弗拉海.(參考文獻 9819)
Last, P.R. and J.D. Stevens, 1994. Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO, Australia. 513 p. (Ref. 6871)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
近危 (NT) (A2d+3d); Date assessed: 07 February 2017
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 水族館: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.7 - 29.1, mean 28.2 °C (based on 1694 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00244 - 0.04107), b=3.04 (2.81 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.60 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (Assuming Fec<10).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 8.51 [1.64, 34.97] mg/100g; Iron = 0.364 [0.085, 0.964] mg/100g; Protein = 22.9 [19.9, 26.0] %; Omega3 = 0.102 [0.029, 0.298] g/100g; Selenium = 31.4 [9.0, 84.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 33 [12, 99] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.851 [0.416, 1.706] mg/100g (wet weight);
