分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Rajiformes (Skates and rays)
鰩目 (Skates and rays) >
Rajidae (Skates)
鰩科 (Skates)
Etymology: Leucoraja: Greek, leykos = white + Latin, raja = a fish, Raja sp. (Ref. 45335).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 居於水底的; 深度上下限 10 - 800 m (Ref. 106604). 溫帶; 67°N - 27°N, 25°W - 37°E
Eastern Atlantic (Iceland, southern Norway, Skagerrak and Morocco) and the Mediterranean Sea.
Records as far south to Mauritania and Senegal could not be verified due to lacking descriptions and specimens; most are probably misidentifications of Leucoraja leucosticta.
東大西洋: 冰島 (參考文獻 12462) ，挪威南部，史卡基拉克海域與摩洛哥, 包括地中海西部。 記錄向南遠至茅利塔尼亞與塞內加爾無法確認由於缺乏描述與標本; 大部分是可能是 Leucoraja leucosticta 的誤鑑.
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 120 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 4426); 117.0 cm TL (female); common length : 70.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 4426)
簡短描述
型態特徵 | 形態測量圖
背棘 (總數): 0; 臀棘 0; 臀鰭軟條: 0. Snout short, its tip somewhat pronounced; upper surface entirely spinulose, about 8 thorns generally in a complete row around inner margin of eye and a triangle of thorns on nape or shoulder region; underside with prickles only on snout, between gill-slits, along abdomen, and at anterior margins of disc; tail only slightly longer than body; upper surface reddish-brown to dark brown with 4-6 creamy spots on each wing, underside white (Ref. 3167).
吻短, 它的頂端略微明顯的; 上表皮長滿刺, 大約 8個刺通常在後頸或肩部上的眼與一個刺的三角形的內緣的周圍形成完整的一列; 下面有刺的部位只有在鰓縫之間的吻沿著腹部, 而在體盤的前緣; 尾部只些微長度超過身體; 上表皮紅褐色的到深褐色的在每個翼上有四個 -6個乳脂色的斑點, 腹面白色的.(參考文獻 3167)
Found in offshore shelf waters and on upper slope, mainly around the 100 m line (Ref. 3167). Depth range from 70-275 m (Ref. 03167), and from 463-676 m in eastern Ionian Sea (Ref. 56504). Feed on all kinds of bottom animals (Ref. 3167). Oviparous. Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205). Eggs are oblong capsules with stiff pointed horns at the corners deposited in sandy or muddy flats (Ref. 205). Egg capsules are 8.3-9.2 cm long and 4.6-5.3 cm wide (Ref. 41303, 41251, 41311). Maximum length for female is 117 cm (Ref. 41333).
發現於外海大陸棚水域了與在上層斜坡上, 主要地 100 公尺等深線的周圍.(參考文獻 3167) 捕食各種的底部動物。 (參考文獻 3167) 卵生的。 明顯的成對出現。 幼魚可能傾向跟隨大的個體, 例如他們的母親.(參考文獻 205) 卵為長方形鞘囊具有僵硬的觸角沈積在沙灘或泥灘的角落.(參考文獻 205) 卵鞘是 8.3-9.2 公分長與 4.6-5.3 公分寬的.(參考文獻 41303,41251,41311) 最大的母魚體長是 117 公分。 (參考文獻 41333)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Oviparous, paired eggs are laid. Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). With no definite egg laying period (Ref. 3167). Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205).東大西洋: 冰島 (參考文獻 12462) ，挪威南部，史卡基拉克海域與摩洛哥, 包括地中海西部。 記錄向南遠至茅利塔尼亞與塞內加爾無法確認由於缺乏描述與標本; 大部分是可能是 Leucoraja leucosticta 的誤鑑.
McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn, 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290. (Ref. 27314)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
瀕危 (EN) (A2bcd); Date assessed: 30 October 2014
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 7.5 - 14.2, mean 11.3 °C (based on 116 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00269 (0.00165 - 0.00438), b=3.20 (3.06 - 3.34), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.37 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (Fec assumed to be <100).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (72 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (48 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 4.74 [0.63, 82.48] mg/100g; Iron = 0.236 [0.022, 2.817] mg/100g; Protein = 15.9 [13.8, 17.8] %; Omega3 = 0.712 [0.315, 1.677] g/100g; Selenium = 17.7 [3.6, 87.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 4.71 [0.36, 55.36] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.34 [0.02, 3.76] mg/100g (wet weight);
