Lithognathus mormyrus, Sand steenbras : fisheries, gamefish

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Lithognathus mormyrus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Sand steenbras
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Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050
This map was computer-generated and has not yet been reviewed.
Lithognathus mormyrus   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Image of Lithognathus mormyrus (Sand steenbras)
Lithognathus mormyrus
Picture by Patzner, R.

Classificatie / Names Lokale namen | Synoniemen | Catalog of Fishes(Genus, Soort(en)) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) > Sparidae (Porgies)
Etymology: Lithognathus: Greek, lithos = stone + Greek, gnathos = jaw (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecologie

marien; brak water demersaal; diepte 0 - 150 m (Ref. 3688), usually 10 - 20 m (Ref. 37413). Subtropical; 48°N - 35°S, 25°W - 36°E

Verspreiding Landen | FAO regio's | Ecosystemen | Voorkomen | Point map | Introducties | Faunafri

Eastern Atlantic: Bay of Biscay, Strait of Gibraltar and Mediterranean; southward to Cape of Good Hope, South Africa; around the Canary and Cape Verde Islands (Ref. 3688); and Madeira Is (Ref. 74541). Western Indian Ocean: southern Mozambique (Ref. 3688). Not found in tropical east Africa (Ref. 3198), Red Sea (Ref. 84159) and Black Sea (Ref. 4781, 112870).

Lengte bij maturiteit / Grootte / Gewicht / Leeftijd

Maturity: Lm 17.4, range 20 - ? cm
Max length : 55.0 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 3397); common length : 30.0 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 3688); max. gerapporteerde leeftijd: 12 Jaren (Ref. 13716)

Korte beschrijving Morfologie | Morfometrie

Dorsale stekels (totaal): 11; Dorsale zachte stralen (totaal): 12-13; Anale stekels 3; Anale zachte stralen: 10 - 11

Biologie     Verklarende woordenlijst (bv. epibenthic)

Found on the shelf, over sandy and muddy bottoms as well as seagrass-beds and estuaries. Gregarious, sometimes forming sizeable schools. Feeds on worms, mollusks and small crustaceans. Protandric hermaphrodite (Ref. 3688). Flesh excellent (Ref. 3198); sold fresh and dried.

Levenscyclus en paargedrag Maturiteit | Voortplanting | Paaien | Eieren | Fecunditeit | Larven

A monandric species (Ref. 55367). In the northern Adriatic, overall male to female ratio was 1:1.62. Sex inversion occurred mainly between 24.1 and 35.2 cm TL and 3.5 years of age (Ref. 55367). Conflicting descriptions of the reproductive style of this species have been reported, including possible gonochorism (Ref. 103751). Also Ref. 28504.

Hoofdreferentie Upload your references | Referenties | Coördinator | Medewerkers

Bauchot, M.-L. and J.-C. Hureau, 1990. Sparidae. p. 790-812. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3688)

Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 130435)

  Niet bedreigd (LC) ; Date assessed: 16 August 2009

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Gevaar voor de mens

  Harmless





Gebruik door de mens

Visserij: van minder commercieel belang; sportvis: ja
FAO - visserij: aanvoer; Publication: search | FIRMS - Stock assessments | FishSource | Sea Around Us

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AFORO (otoliths) | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | BOLDSystems | Websites from users | Bekijk FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: Genus, Soort(en) | DiscoverLife | DORIS | ECOTOX | FAO - visserij: aanvoer; Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GenBank: genoom, nucleotide | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | MitoFish | Nationale databanken | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | Publieke aquaria | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | Tree of Life | Wikipedia: ga naar, zoek | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Zoological Record

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 17.1 - 27.5, mean 24.4 °C (based on 224 cells).
Fylogenetische diversiteitsindex (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.5625   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01202 (0.01073 - 0.01347), b=3.02 (2.99 - 3.05), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
Trofisch niveau (Ref. 69278):  3.4   ±0.50 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 4.8 (4.0 - 5.6) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 12 growth studies.
Weerstandsvermogen (Ref. 120179):  Gemiddeld, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd 1,4-4,4 jaar (K=0.24; tm=2).
Prior r = 0.70, 95% CL = 0.46 - 1.05, Based on 3 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649):  Low to moderate vulnerability (31 of 100).
Prijsklasse (Ref. 80766):   Medium.
Nutrients (Ref. 124155):  Calcium = 72.3 [42.6, 133.6] mg/100g; Iron = 1.06 [0.62, 1.89] mg/100g; Protein = 19 [18, 21] %; Omega3 = 0.417 [0.289, 0.641] g/100g; Selenium = 28.2 [14.1, 49.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.68 [3.47, 23.67] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.831 [0.601, 1.145] mg/100g (wet weight); based on nutrient studies.