分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鳃亚纲 (鲨鱼与 鱼) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) >
Gymnuridae (Butterfly rays)
Etymology: Gymnura: Greek, gymnos = naked + Greek, oura = tail (Ref. 45335).
More on authors: Gilchrist & Thompson.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 居于水底的; 深度上下限 20 - 100 m (Ref. 28016). 亞熱帶的
Southeast Atlantic and Western Indian Ocean: Namibia round the Cape to southern Mozambique.
東南大西洋與西印度洋: 那米比亞沿著海岬到莫三比克南部。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ?, range 150 - ? cm
Max length : 250 cm WD 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3263); 最大体重: 82.6 kg (Ref. 40637)
背棘 (总数): 0; 背的软条 (总数): 0. Broad diamond-shaped pectoral disc almost twice as wide as it is long; tail shorter than body with black and white bands and a small sting; tentacle at rear edge of each spiracle (Ref. 5578). Grey, green or brown above, often with darker mottling; white below; can change color of upper disc rapidly to match substrate (Ref. 5578).
宽的菱形胸盘几乎宽度为长度的两倍; 尾部短于身体有黑白的条纹与一个小的刺; 在每个呼吸孔的后缘的触须.(参考文献 5578) 灰色的，绿色的或上方褐色的, 时常有较深色的杂斑; 腹面白色的; 能快速地改变上体盘的颜色与底部相配。 (参考文献 5578)
Occurs off sandy beaches, muddy estuaries and offshore banks. Found singly or in large groups (Ref. 5578). Feeds on a variety of fishes, crabs and polychaete worms (Ref. 5578). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Ability to change markings and color to blend into environment (Ref. 3263). Caught by offshore trawlers (Ref. 5578). Caught by shore anglers, it is prized for its strong fight when hooked, often released (Ref. 5578).
生存沙滩外，泥泞的河口与近海浅堆。 各别地发现或者较大时聚集。 (参考文献 5578) 吃多种鱼，螃蟹与多毛类的蠕虫。 (参考文献 5578) 卵胎生的.(参考文献 50449) 具有改变斑纹的能力，而且颜色以和环境配合。 (参考文献 3263) 被外海底拖网捕获了。 (参考文献 5578) 岸钓者钓获, 它因为它的被钓到时强烈的抵抗而被重视, 时常排出.(参考文献 5578)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). One year gestation; up to 10 young (Ref. 5578).東南大西洋與西印度洋: 那米比亞沿著海岬到莫三比克南部。
Compagno, L.J.V., 1986. Dasyatidae. p. 135-142. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3263)
人类利用
游钓鱼种: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 14.5 - 27.1, mean 25.3 °C (based on 72 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00776 (0.00352 - 0.01710), b=3.09 (2.89 - 3.29), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.9 ±0.65 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增时间超过14 年 (Fec=10).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).
