Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Haemulidae (Grunts) > Haemulinae
Etymology: Pomadasys: Greek, poma, -atos = cover, operculum + Greek, dasys = with hair (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Cuvier.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 淡水; 半咸淡水 居于水底的; 深度上下限 ? - 100 m (Ref. 57395), usually 20 - 50 m (Ref. 2683). 熱帶; 20°C - ? (Ref. 2799); 20°N - 23°S, 26°W - 16°E
Eastern Atlantic: west coast of Africa, from Mauritania (Ref. 7376, 57395) to southern Angola (Ref. 2799, 57395).
東大西洋: 到安哥拉南部的茅利塔尼亞 (參考文獻 7376).(參考文獻 2799)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 13.1 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 57395); common length : 45.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3660)
背棘 (总数): 11 - 12; 背的软条 (总数): 15-17; 臀棘 3; 臀鳍软条: 8 - 9; 脊椎骨: 27. Diagnosis: body oblong and compressed, not very deep (Ref. 57395). Snout short and pointed (Ref. 57395), obtuse (Ref. 81655), distinctly longer than eye diameter (Ref. 57395). 2 anterior pores on chin, followed by a median pit bearing openings of another pair of pores (Ref. 57395). A deep groove (Ref. 57395) and a pore above maxilla, below the preorbital bone (Ref. 57395, 81655). Last dorsal spine longer than penultimate one (Ref. 81655). Second anal fin spine longer and stouter than third (Ref. 57395, 81655), third anal spine may also be thick but always shorter (Ref. 81655). Caudal fin slightly forked; scales slightly ctenoid; 4-5 scale rows between lateral line and middle of spinous dorsal-fin base; swim bladder simple, without anterior horns (Ref. 57395). 11-13/1/3-6 (total 16-20) gill rakers on first gill arch; 6-7 scales on upper part of transverse series; 20-22 scales around middle of caudal peduncle (Ref. 81655).
Coloration: silvery, with round, dark brown or black and irregularly scattered spots following scale rows on back and sides (Ref. 57395, 81655). Small-sized specimens <60 mm SL may lack spots, from this size on spots gradually become visible and pattern is well-developed in specimens of about 100 mm SL or larger; no spot on snout (Ref. 81655). Black opercular spot present at angle of opercle (Ref. 57395, 81655). Dorsal and caudal fins grey (Ref. 57395).
Inhabit sandy and muddy bottoms of coastal waters and estuaries (Ref. 2683). Sometimes found in freshwater (Ref. 2135, 57395, 81655). Feeds on fish (Ref. 28587) and (benthic) crustaceans (Ref. 28587, 81655) as well as on mollusks and worms (Ref. 27121, 81655). Breeds in brackish water lagoons and estuaries, and even freshwaters (Ref. 57395). Of all grunts found in the continental waters of Lower Guinea, this species is found farthest upstream and seems best adapted to freshwater environments (Ref. 81655).
栖息于沿岸水域的沙泥底与河口。 (参考文献 2683) 有时发现于淡水。 (参考文献 2135) 吃鱼与底栖的甲壳动物 (参考文献 28587) 以及软件动物与蠕虫。 (参考文献 27121)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding (Ref. 205).東大西洋: 到安哥拉南部的茅利塔尼亞 (參考文獻 7376).(參考文獻 2799)
Bauchot, M.-L., 2003. Haemulidae. p. 495-503 In C. Lévêque, D. Paugy and G.G. Teugels (eds.) Faune des poissons d'eaux douce et saumâtres de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, Tome 2. Coll. Faune et Flore tropicales 40. Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique, Museum National d'Histoire Naturalle, Paris, France and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris, France. 815 p. (Ref. 57395)
人类利用
渔业: 低经济
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参考文献养殖养殖信息品种遗传学Electrophoreses遗传率疾病加工NutrientsMass conversion
合作者照片Stamps, Coins Misc.声音神经毒速度泳型鳃区Otoliths脑重体重比眼睛色素
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 19.2 - 27.9, mean 25.4 °C (based on 82 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01380 (0.01093 - 0.01743), b=2.98 (2.94 - 3.02), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.50 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 3.7 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.3).
Prior r = 0.47, 95% CL = 0.31 - 0.70, Based on 2 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (36 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (80 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 106 [23, 206] mg/100g; Iron = 1.02 [0.54, 1.90] mg/100g; Protein = 18.8 [16.9, 20.5] %; Omega3 = 0.235 [0.124, 0.397] g/100g; Selenium = 61.9 [35.8, 110.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 14.4 [6.9, 27.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.22 [0.88, 1.71] mg/100g (wet weight);
