分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria)
鱸形目 (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
石首魚科 (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Cynoscion: Greek, kyon = dog + Greek, odous = teeth + Greek, skion, skiaina = barbel, red mullet (Ref. 45335).
More on authors: Bloch & Schneider.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 10 - 26 m (Ref. 54407). 亞熱帶的; 17°C - 27°C (Ref. 54461); 47°N - 27°N, 82°W - 59°W
Western Atlantic: Nova Scotia, Canada to northern Florida, USA. Introduced in Europe (Ref. 122657).
西大西洋: 加拿大的新斯科舍省到佛羅里達北部，美國。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 17.9, range 14 - 22.5 cm
Max length : 98.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 40637); common length : 50.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3702); 最大體重: 8.9 kg (Ref. 40637)
背棘 (總數): 11; 背的軟條 (總數): 25-29; 臀棘 2; 臀鰭軟條: 11 - 13. Body greenish grey above and silvery below, back with small spots forming undulating dotted lines. Pelvic fins and anal fin yellowish other fins pale, sometimes with a yellowish tinge. Inside of opercle dark, visible externally. Mouth large, oblique, lower jaw projecting. Upper jaw with a pair of large canine-like teeth at tip. Chin without barbels or pores. Snout with only 1 marginal pore. Gas bladder with a pair of nearly straight, horn-like appendages. Soft portion of dorsal fin covered with small scales up to 1/2 of fin height (Ref 51721).
身體呈綠色的灰色上方與下面銀色的, 背面有波動虛線的小的斑點形成。 腹鰭與臀鰭淡黃色的其他鰭灰白的, 有時有淡黃的色彩。 在鰓蓋之內黑的, 看得見的外部地。 嘴大的, 斜的, 下頜突出的。 在頂端上頜有一對大的像犬齒一樣的齒。 沒有觸鬚或孔的下巴。 只吻部有 1個邊緣的孔。 氣鰾有一對幾乎是直又像觸角一樣的附肢。 背鰭的柔軟部位覆蓋著鰭高度 (參考文獻 51721) 的小鱗片向上到 1/2了。
Occurs usually in shallow coastal waters over sand and sandy mud bottoms. Juveniles are euryhaline. During summer the fish move to their nursery and feeding grounds in river estuaries. Feeds mainly on crustaceans and fishes. Oviparous, with high fecundity (Ref. 54406). The species leave estuaries during the fall when water temperatures decrease, but are also known to overwinter in these areas. It has been reported that the fish cease feeding and die when the water temperature reaches 7.9 deg C and 3.3 deg. C, respectively (Ref. 122657). Utilized fresh and frozen; eaten steamed, pan-fried, broiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).
通常生活在沙子與沙泥底上的沿岸淺水區。 稚魚是廣鹽性。 魚在河口中移動到他們的育幼與覓食場夏天時。 主要吃甲殼動物和魚類。 卵生的, 有高的孕卵數。 (參考文獻 54406) 生鮮使用與冷凍; 清蒸, 油鍋炸的, 火烤了, 微波了而且燒烤了.(參考文獻 9988)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
西大西洋: 加拿大的新斯科舍省到佛羅里達北部，美國。
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
瀕危 (EN) (A2b); Date assessed: 08 August 2019
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的; 水族館: 公眾的水族館
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 7.2 - 24.9, mean 12.7 °C (based on 172 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00759 (0.00663 - 0.00869), b=3.06 (3.04 - 3.08), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.26-0.3; Fec = 45,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (45 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (58 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 57.1 [32.9, 114.6] mg/100g; Iron = 0.985 [0.510, 1.744] mg/100g; Protein = 19.1 [17.6, 20.8] %; Omega3 = 0.286 [0.169, 0.468] g/100g; Selenium = 23 [12, 48] μg/100g; VitaminA = 11.8 [3.9, 41.6] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.635 [0.458, 0.956] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
