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Dipneusti >
Ceratodontiformes (Australian lungfishes) >
Protopteridae (African lungfishes)
Etymology: Protopterus: Greek, pro = first, in front of + Greek, pteron = wing, fin (Ref. 45335); annectens: Named in honor of Prof. Dr. Brien (Ref. 40587).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
; 淡水 居于水底的; 河川洄游 (Ref. 51243). 熱帶; 25°C - 30°C (Ref. 2059); 22°N - 30°S
Africa: large Sahelian basins, Comoé River, Bandama River and some basins of Sierra Leone and Guinea (Protopterus annectens annectens) (Ref. 2834, 81261), upper Congo River, middle and lower Zambezi basin and all east coast rivers south to the Limpopo River (Ref. 3498, Ref. 13337), and Lake Rukwa (Ref. 13337) (Protopterus annectens brieni). Reports from the upper Cubango and Okavango system (Ref. 11970) unconfirmed (Ref. 52193, 120641).
非洲: 塞內加爾，尼日，甘比亞，佛塔河與查德流域, 也在蘇丹西部的沙立河的暫時支流中;(參考文獻 3498) 在象牙海岸與獅子山與幾內亞的特定流域的 Bandama 與 Comoe 流域.(參考文獻 2834)
大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 100.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3799); 最大体重: 4.0 kg (Ref. 3069)
Diagnosis: Protopterus annectens annectens has an elongate body and paired fins are long and filamentous (Ref. 81261). The trunk, with 34-37 ribs, is a bit longer and the tail a bit shorter compared to Protopterus annectens brieni (Ref. 40587).
突出的吻; 小的眼, 它的直径 9-15 倍头长.(参考文献 2834) 偶鳍长而丝状的.(参考文献 367) 胸鳍有一个基部的穗边是大约 3 倍于头长; 腹鳍是大约两倍头长.(参考文献 2834) 大体上， 3个外鳃从后端插入鳃缝与上方胸鳍了。 (参考文献 2834) 在鳃盖与肛门之间的 40-50个鳞片,36-40 背鳍起点前的身体的周围.(参考文献 2834) 34-37个对肋骨.(参考文献 41467) 插入皮肤的圆形的鳞片.(参考文献 3023) 背部两侧橄榄色或褐色的, 腹侧边颜色较淡; 在身体与鳍上的大的黑色或褐色的斑点除了在腹面上之外.(参考文献 367)
Obligate air-breathing (Ref. 126274); Obligate air-breathing (Ref. 126274). Found in marginal swamps and backwaters of rivers and lakes (Ref. 30488). Carnivorous, food includes molluscs (Ref. 30488), but also frogs, fish and seed (Ref. 13851). In Kenya it feeds mostly on plant material, like roots (Ref. 30558). Strongly associated with life of aquatic plants in terms of breeding and feeding ecologies; nests are made in weedy areas (Ref. 30558). Normally lives on flood plains and secretes, when these dry up during the dry season, a thin slime around itself which dries into a fragile cocoon; normally hibernates from the end of one wet season to the start of the next, buut can live in its cocoon for over a year (Ref. 3023, 30558). For hibernating the fish literally chews its way into the substrate ejecting mud out of its gill openings, reaching a depth of 3-25 cm below the surface depending on the length of the fish; the lungfish wriggles around, thereby hollowing out a bulb-shaped chamber and coming to rest with its nose pointing upward; they breathe air at the mouth of the chamber's tube and then sink back into the expanded part of the chamber (Ref. 36739). As the water disappears the respiratory trips cease; air reaches the fish via the tube to the surface (Ref. 36739). Under aquatic conditions this lungfish can survive more than three and half years of starvation, showing the same behavior - no motion and same body posture - as an aestivating specimen (Ref. 51339).
发现于河川与湖泊的沼泽边缘与洄水区了。 (参考文献 30488) 它是根据繁殖强烈地以水生植物的生活联合而且进食生态学.(参考文献 30558) 巢在杂草丛生的区域被做。 (参考文献 30558) 它通常靠冲积平原生活而且当这些变干, 在干季的时候的时候，它分泌一个薄的黏液环绕着自己那一个干燥后成为一个纤细的囊袋; 它能在这种状态中存在超过一年, 虽然通常它过冬只从一个湿季末到下一个的初始.(参考文献 3023, 参考文献 30558) 为照字面上地过冬鱼咀嚼它的方法进入从它的鳃裂正在逐放泥的底部; 它可能在依據魚的長度而定的底部之下達到深度 3-25 公分; 肺魚蠕動周圍,藉此洞出一個球莖-形狀的腔室而且來到休息用它的方向朝上的鼻子; 他們進入腔室的被擴大的部份之內然後洗滌槽背面在腔室的管的嘴巴呼吸空氣。 (參考文獻 36739) 當水消失，呼吸的旅行停止; 空氣經由管對表面達到魚。 (參考文獻 36739) 也在水生的情況，這一個肺魚能存活超過三與飢餓的半年; 它顯示相同的行為 - 沒有運動與相同的身體姿勢 - 作為一個夏眠標本.(參考文獻 51339) 肉食性, 食物包括軟體動物 (參考文獻 30488), 也青蛙，魚與種子;(參考文獻 13851) 在肯亞，它大部分捕食植物, 像根.(參考文獻 30558)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Lungfish spawn in the swamps during the wet season, building a nest in which the eggs, white in colour and about 4 mm diameter, are laid; young are cared for by the males (Ref. 13851). Larvae hatch in eight days, and leave the nest in twenty days (Ref. 41544). Males of Protopterus annectens brieni excavate an U-shaped burrow to a depth of nearly 60 cm for spawning purposes; nest is usually placed amongst roots of aquatic vegetation where the male will attend to several females during the breeding season; males aerate the eggs with body and fin movements and provide protection to the young for some time after incubation (Ref. 13337).非洲: 塞內加爾，尼日，甘比亞，佛塔河與查德流域, 也在蘇丹西部的沙立河的暫時支流中;(參考文獻 3498) 在象牙海岸與獅子山與幾內亞的特定流域的 Bandama 與 Comoe 流域.(參考文獻 2834)
Teugels, G.G., C. Lévêque, D. Paugy and K. Traoré, 1988. État des connaissances sur la faune ichtyologique des bassins côtiers de Côte d'Ivoire et de l'ouest du Ghana. Rev. Hydrobiol. Trop. 21(3):221-237. (Ref. 272)
人类利用
渔业: 低经济; 养殖: 商业性
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.6602 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00389 (0.00155 - 0.00977), b=3.10 (2.88 - 3.32), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.64 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (tmax = 23 (in captivity); Fec < 1,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
