Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologie
marien rifbewoner; diepte ? - 100 m (Ref. 9710). Tropical; 36°N - 30°S, 32°E - 174°W
Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea and the East Africa to Palau and New Caledonia, north to Ryukyu and Ogasawara islands (Ref. 559, 26066), south to Australia. Recently reported from Tonga (Ref. 53797).
Grootte / Gewicht / Leeftijd
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 120 cm FL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 3678); common length : 90.0 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 5450); max. gepubliceerd gewicht: 18.0 kg (Ref. 3287)
Dorsale stekels (totaal): 9; Dorsale zachte stralen (totaal): 25-30; Anale stekels 3; Anale zachte stralen: 21 - 26; Wervels: 24. This species is distinguished by having the following characters: body subovate and compressed, becoming elongate-ovate and slightly subcylindrical with age; profile of head and nape slightly angular becoming more steep with age; mouth cleft of adults distinctly below level of eye; D1 VIII, D2 I,25-30, lobe of second dorsal fin shorter than head length; A II (2 detached spines) + I, 21-26 (rarely 25 or 26); gill rakers (including rudiments) 6-8 + 17-21 = 22-27; vertebrae 10 + 14; straight part of lateral line with 18-27 scales followed by 15-21 small scutes; breast naked ventrally to distinctly behind origin of pelvic fins; breast squamation variable laterally, either separated from naked base of pectoral fins by a moderate to very narrow band of scales or naked area of breast uninterrupted to naked base of pectoral fins; colour of adults iridescent blue-green above, silvery below; with numerous small gold or brassy spots mainly on dorsal half; large adult with 3 (to 5) irregular black blotches on flanks (sometimes very indistinct or absent, the first below dorsal-fin lobe, the second at inflection point of lateral line, and the third slightly anterior to midpoint of straight part of lateral line (Ref. 9894, 90102).
Adults prefer rocky and coral reef areas, but also found on offshore banks (Ref. 30573). They occur singly or in small to large schools (Ref. 9710, 48635, 90102). They feed on small invertebrates and fishes (Ref. 5213).
Levenscyclus en paargedrag
Maturiteit | Voortplanting | Paaien | Eieren | Fecunditeit | Larven
Paxton, J.R., D.F. Hoese, G.R. Allen and J.E. Hanley, 1989. Pisces. Petromyzontidae to Carangidae. Zoological Catalogue of Australia, Vol. 7. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 665 p. (Ref. 7300)
Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 130435)
Gevaar voor de mens
Harmless
Gebruik door de mens
Visserij: commercieel; sportvis: ja
Meer informatie
Lokale namenSynoniemenMetabolismePredatorenEcotoxicologieVoortplantingMaturiteitPaaienPaaiaggregatiesFecunditeitEierenOntwikkeling van de eieren
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 23.3 - 29.1, mean 27.9 °C (based on 2214 cells).
Fylogenetische diversiteitsindex (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01549 (0.00973 - 0.02465), b=2.89 (2.76 - 3.02), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trofisch niveau (Ref.
69278): 4.4 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
Weerstandsvermogen (Ref.
120179): laag, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd 4,5-14 jaar (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (80 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (89 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 17.5 [10.9, 34.7] mg/100g; Iron = 0.933 [0.428, 1.823] mg/100g; Protein = 20.4 [17.8, 22.5] %; Omega3 = 0.158 [0.094, 0.266] g/100g; Selenium = 12.9 [6.3, 25.2] μg/100g; VitaminA = 42.1 [7.5, 259.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.536 [0.287, 1.204] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
