Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologia
marino; acqua dolce; salmastro; distribuzione batimetrica 0 - 35 m (Ref. 86940). Tropical; 17°N - 7°S, 17°W - 14°E (Ref. 54448)
Africa: Atlantic coasts from northern parts of Senegal south to Baie de Saint-Bras in Angola (Ref. 188, 3509), also in lagoons and river estuaries (Ref. 188, 81270).
Length at first maturity / Size / Peso / Age
Maturity: Lm 13.0, range 13 - 18 cm
Max length : 30.0 cm SL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 27000); common length : 16.0 cm SL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 188); peso massimo pubblicato: 144.00 g (Ref. 86940)
Spine dorsali (totale): 0; Raggi dorsali molli (totale): 14-17; Spine anali 0; Raggi anali molli: 45 - 50; Vertebre: 42 - 43. Diagnosis: Body moderately deep, compressed, belly with a sharp and serrated keel of scutes from gill opening to anus, 25-27 pre-pelvic and 6-8 post-pelvic sharp scutes (Ref. 187, 188, 81270). Eye large, mouth pointing upwards, lower jaw projecting (Ref. 187, 188). Dorsal fin at or before midpoint of body; anal fin long, with more than 40 finrays, its origin below dorsal fin base; pelvic fins small (Ref. 187, 188). Swimbladder with two short tubes passing back in the muscles on either side of haemal spines (Ref. 188). Other clupeoid fishes in the area are more slender, have a much shorter anal fin and the lower jaw is not strongly projecting (Ref. 188).
Found in the marine environment, pelagic, along beaches and just off shore, down to about 25 m, also in lagoons and estuaries, penetrating into almost freshwater (Ref. 187, 188, 54448). A marine migrant (Ref. 117399). Rarely found below 35 m depth (Ref. 86940). It feeds on small planktonic animals, e.g. small fish and crustaceans; it doesn't seem to feed on plankton (Ref. 188, 3166, 47405).
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Pesca: commerciale
Informazioni ulteriori
BibliografiaAcquacolturaProfilo di acquacolturaVarietàGeneticaElectrophoresesEreditarietàMalattieElaborazioneNutrientsMass conversion
CollaboratoriImmaginiStamps, Coins Misc.SuoniCiguateraVelocitàModalità di nuotoArea branchialeOtolithsCervelliVista
Strumenti
Special reports
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Fonti Internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 25.9 - 28, mean 27.5 °C (based on 160 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00661 (0.00541 - 0.00806), b=3.02 (2.97 - 3.07), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Resilienza (Ref.
120179): Alto, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione meno di 15 mesi (K=0.8-1.3).
Prior r = 1.19, 95% CL = 0.79 - 1.79, Based on 3 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (21 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (73 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 206 [110, 411] mg/100g; Iron = 2.01 [1.19, 3.28] mg/100g; Protein = 19.4 [18.0, 20.7] %; Omega3 = 0.397 [0.206, 0.739] g/100g; Selenium = 44.4 [20.6, 85.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 20.2 [8.0, 49.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.52 [1.07, 2.15] mg/100g (wet weight);
