Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; brackish; demersal; depth range 1 - 20 m (Ref. 86942). Temperate
Southwest Pacific: southern half of Australia on both coast, east to Lord Howe Islands, Norfolk Islands, northern New Zealand, and New Caledonia.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 80.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 33839); max. published weight: 1.1 kg (Ref. 40637)
Dorsal spines (total): 10 - 11; Dorsal soft rays (total): 11 - 12; Anal spines: 2 - 3; Anal soft rays: 10 - 12; Vertebrae: 26. This species is distinguished by the following characters: in lateral view, body is oval to circular, not compressed; head with distinct slanting profile from interorbital region to tip of snout, with characteristic bulb anterior-dorsally of eye, giving a protruding head profile; D X-XI,11-12: A II-III, 10-12; first gill-arch with 3-7 gill rakers on upper part, 10-15 on the lower part; total lateral line scales 52-66, 42-56 are pored; longitudinal scales 48-57; vertebrae: precaudal 11, caudal 15; pterygiophores: dorsal 20-21, anal 12; interorbital region with scales (Ref. 95491).
Body shape (shape guide): short and / or deep; Cross section: compressed.
Occurs in large schools in comparatively shallow water in the vicinity of rocky reefs. Feeds on weeds (Ref. 2156).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Knudsen, S.W. and K.D. Clements, 2013. Revision of the fish family Kyphosidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). Zootaxa 3751(1):001-101. (Ref. 95491)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2024-2)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: subsistence fisheries; gamefish: yes
Tools
Special reports
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Internet sources
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13.8 - 23.3, mean 17.9 °C (based on 152 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01950 (0.00991 - 0.03837), b=3.03 (2.85 - 3.21), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 2.0 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179): Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (52 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 30.9 [14.9, 56.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.336 [0.159, 0.635] mg/100g; Protein = 18 [17, 19] %; Omega3 = 0.321 [0.162, 0.619] g/100g; Selenium = 12.1 [5.1, 29.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 5.36 [1.31, 20.78] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.714 [0.475, 1.204] mg/100g (wet weight);
