分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 居于水底的; 深度上下限 1 - 36 m (Ref. 13608). 熱帶; 22°N - 24°S, 97°W - 30°W
Western Atlantic: southern Gulf of Mexico and West Indies to Santos, Brazil.
西大西洋: 墨西哥灣南部與西印度群島到巴西的桑托斯。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 58.8, range 50 - 55 cm
Max length : 200 cm WD 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3168); common length : 125 cm WD 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 6077)
Disc rhomboid. Blunt and close-set tubercles that clothe the midzone of disc. Snout in front of eyes about 1.4 times as long as distance between outer margins of orbits. Upper surface brown, sometimes yellowish or olivaceous. Lower surface pure or yellowish white, ventral tail fold and dorsal keel black (Ref. 6902).
体盘偏菱形。 钝的而且靠拢在一起覆盖体盘的中央区域的小瘤。 在眼睛前面中的吻大约 1.4 倍长于眼眶外缘之间的距离。 上表皮褐色, 有时淡黄色或橄榄色的。 下表面全白色或黄白色又腹的尾部摺层与背部的龙骨脊黑色.(参考文献 6902)
Demersal species on continental shelf to at least 35 m (but likely to be deeper); also found in brackish water, with young collected from tide pools (Ref. 114953). Mobile invertebrate feeders, feeds on benthic mobile invertebrates such as molluscs, crustaceans and worms associated with hard or nearby unconsolidated substrate (Ref. 103985); also on small fishes (Ref. 114953). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Marketed salted; also used in the preparation of gelatin and good quality oil. Between 1995 and 2000, at least 5 specimens have been traded as aquarium fish at Ceará, Brazil (Ref. 49392).
栖息于浅水域。 卵胎生的.(参考文献 50449) 在市场上销售盐腌的; 也被用于凝胶与好品质油的材料。 在 1995 与 2000之间, 至少 5件标本曾经在巴西的塞阿腊交易当作水族馆鱼.(参考文献 49392)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).西大西洋: 墨西哥灣南部與西印度群島到巴西的桑托斯。
Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor, 2016. Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953)
人类利用
渔业: 低经济
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参考文献养殖养殖信息品种遗传学Electrophoreses遗传率疾病加工NutrientsMass conversion
合作者照片Stamps, Coins Misc.声音神经毒速度泳型鳃区Otoliths脑重体重比眼睛色素
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 26.7 - 28.2, mean 27.6 °C (based on 565 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01202 (0.00696 - 0.02076), b=3.06 (2.91 - 3.21), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.3 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增时间超过14 年 (Fec=2).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
