Australia country information

Common names: Barraconda, Common gemfish, Deepsea kingfish
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: common (usually seen) | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Importance: highly commercial | Ref: Nakamura, I. and N.V. Parin, 1993
Aquaculture: never/rarely | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Regulations: restricted | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Uses: no uses
Comments: Distributed throughout southern Australian waters from Cape Moreton in southern Queensland (Ref. 28785) to the continental slope off the central Western Australian coast. Stock structure: Two distinct Australian stocks are evident from a current study (Ref. 28836). Genetic profiles from this study have shown highly significant differences between eastern and southern/western Australian specimens. The split is at the western end of Bass Strait, with limited mixing off western Tasmania (Ref. 28836). For fisheries management puposes, these eastern and southern/western populations can be considered completely separate breeding stocks (Ref. 28836). Commercial fishery: Gemfish have a history of commercial exploitation beginning last century in Tasmanian waters. Up until 1880 gemfish was an important commercial species in southern Tasmania, where it was caught inshore at night on lines baited with jack mackerel (Trachurus declivis) or barracouta (Thyrsites atun). The cause of the disappearance of gemfish from the inshore fishery was never established (Ref. 27500). Juvenile gemfish have been an incidental catch of demersal otter trawlers operating on the continental shelf since 1915 (Ref. 28789). It is only since the early 1970s that fishing effort has been targeted on migrating gemfish on the upper continental slope. The Australian gemfish catch rose from less than 100 t in the 1960s to a peak of more than 5000 t in 1978-79 but has since declined because of the lower availability of fish as well as government regulation of catches. Gemfish are mainly caught from trawl vessels using demersal otter trawl gear and operating in the South East Fishery. The main trawl grounds are located from Newcastle to eastern Bass Strait in depths of 300 m to 400 m. Most of the catch is taken in June and July when migrating fish are targeted. In the South East fishery, over 80% of the annual gemfish catch is taken during winter. The fish caught from the spawning run are large, mature fish mostly between 60 cm and 90 cm FL. During spring and autumn, some catches are taken from western Victoria and northwestern Tasmania. Immature gemfish are also caught throughout the year as a bycatch of trawling operations targeted at other species such as redfish (Centroberyx affinis), jackass morwong (Nemadactylus macropterus) and royal red prawns, Haliporoides sibogae. Small amounts of gemfish are caught in the Great Australian Bight Trawl Fishery. A small dropline fishery exists for spawning gemfish off the coast of northern New South Wales. Catch rates of gemfish by dropline are low in this area except during August and early September. Some gemfish are also caught in bottom set gillnets (for sharks) in eastern Bass Strait (Ref. 28786). Most of the gemfish catch is sold on the domestic fresh fish market. The Sydney Fish Market is the main wholesale market for gemfish, although in recent years the bulk of the catch has been sent directly to processors. Significant quantities of frozen gemfish fillets were until recently exported to Japan, but catch reductions have limited development of a bigger export market. Gemfish are either headed and gutted on board the catching vessel if catches are small, or sold as whole fish when large catches are made. Recreational fishery: As they live in deep water, gemfish are rarely caught by anglers. In 1993, the Australian Anglers Association's record for gemfish was a 6.9 kg individual caught off the New South Wales in 1979. Resource status: A decline in catch rates and changes in mean size for gemfish caught in eastern Australian waters have been observed since the mid 1980s. These changes in the fishery may have been caused by excessive levels of fishing or unknown environmental factors. In any event the stock has been unable to produce sufficient numbers of juvenile fish to replace adults and the result has been a 'recruitment failure' from 1988 onwards. The total allowable catch of 3000 t introduced in 1988 has, of necessity, been greatly reduced in successive years. The present stock size in eastern Australian waters is well below that capable of producing maximum sustainable yields (Ref. 28786, 28795). Given the severely depleted state of the eastern gemfish stock, no guarantee can be given that the stock will recover to former levels, even if the remaining fish are totally protected from exploitation (Ref. 28838, 28843).
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/as.html
National Fisheries Authority: http://www.csiro.au/
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Escolier tifiati, Escolar plateado, Рексия южная (=южная змеевидная макрель), ... more

رده بندی / Names اسامي عام | مترادف | Catalog of Fishes(جنس, گونه ها) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Scombriformes (Mackerels) > Gempylidae (Snake mackerels)
Etymology: Rexea: Latin, rex, rego = king.
More on author: Cuvier.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range بوم شناسي

دريايي موجوداتی که در محدوده وسیعی از آبهای آزاد از نزدیک بستر و یا روی کف بستر، در قسمت های میان آبی تا سطح آب و در برخی گونه ها با قابلیت پرواز، زندگی و تغذیه می کنند.; اقیانوس رو (Ref. 51243); تغييرات عمق 100 - 800 m (Ref. 6181), usually 300 - 450 m (Ref. 28786). Deep-water; 25°S - 48°S, 109°E - 173°W (Ref. 6181)

پراكنش كشورها | مناطق سازمان خوار و بار جهاني (FAO) | Ecosystems | ظهور | Point map | معرفي | Faunafri

Southwest Pacific: off southern, southwestern and southeastern Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand. Occurrence records from Madagascar and Japan need to be verified.

Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / سن

Maturity: L_m 65.0, range 60 - 70 cm
Max length : 110 cm SL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 6181); بيشينه وزن گزارش شده: 16.0 kg (Ref. 28838); بيشينه سن گزارش شده: 16 سال ها (Ref. 28786)

توصيف مختصر ريخت شناسي | ريخت ستجي بوسيله انداره گيري

خارهاي باله پشتي (کل): 18 - 19; شعاع نرم باله پشتي (کل): 16-19; خارهاي باله مخرجي 2; شعاع نرم باله مخرجي: 13 - 16; مهره ها: 36. Body entirely scaled at over 25 cm SL. Lateral line branching below the 5th to the 6th spine of the first dorsal fin. The upper branch reaches beyond the origin of the second dorsal fin, usually ending between the 8th to the 12th soft ray. The lower branch runs mid laterally, undulating above the anal-fin base. Body is bluish above, silvery below, a black blotch distally on two anterior membranes of the first dorsal fin, the rest of the fin is grayish.

Found in schools on continental shelf and slope. They are normally caught close to the sea bed but probably move into midwater at times (Ref. 28786). Juveniles are pelagic, adults also occur near the surface off Tasmania and New Zealand. Dense schools of pre-spawners migrate along the continental slope at about 400 m during winter (Ref. 9563). Feed on fish, squid and crustaceans. The flesh is of good edible quality and especially tasty when smoked. In Australia, the eastern gemfish stock has been subjected to a prolonged period of poor recruitment which started in 1989 (Ref. 28843, 28786). This event resulted in a very significant decline in the gemfish resource. In Australia, efforts are now being channeled towards the recovery of the fishery.

Life cycle and mating behavior بلوغ | تولید مثل | تخم ریزی | تخم ها | Fecundity | توزاد ( لارو)

Larvae are caught in inshore waters which may indicate that gemfish move onto the shelf to spawn, or currents carry larvae in from offshore spawning grounds (Ref. 28786).

مآخذ اصلی Upload your references | مراجع | هماهنگ كننده : Parin, Nikolay V. | همكاران

Nakamura, I. and N.V. Parin, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 15. Snake mackerels and cutlassfishes of the world (families Gempylidae and Trichiuridae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the snake mackerels, snoeks, escolars, gemfishes, sackfishes, domine, oilfish, cutlassfishes,. scabbardfishes, hairtails, and frostfishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(15):136 p. (Ref. 6181)

وضعيت در فهرست قرمز IUCN (Ref. 130435)

غيرقابل ارزيابی

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

خطر برای انسان ها

Harmless

استفاده انسانی

ماهي گيري – شيلات: تجاري

FAO(ماهي گيري – شيلات: production; publication : search) | FIRMS (Stock assessments) | FishSource | Sea Around Us

اطلاعات بيشتر

كشورها
مناطق سازمان خوار و بار جهاني (FAO)
Ecosystems
ظهور
معرفي
Stocks
بوم شناسي
عادت غذايي
اقلام غذايي
مصرف غذايي
سهمیه

اسامي عام
مترادف
سوخت و ساز
شکارچیان
سم شناسي بوم زيستي
تولید مثل
بلوغ
تخم ریزی
Fecundity
تخم ها
نمو تخم

Age/Size
رشد
طول - وزن
طول - طول
نوسانات طولی
ريخت ستجي بوسيله انداره گيري
ريخت شناسي
توزاد ( لارو)
پويايي لاروي
بازسازی
فراواني

مراجع
آبزي پروري
نمايه آبزي پروري
نژادها
ژنتيك
Electrophoreses
وارث
بيماري ها
فرآوری
Mass conversion

همكاران
عکس ها
Stamps, Coins Misc.
صداها
سيگواترا
سرعت
نوع شناگری
منطقه آبششي
Otoliths
مغزها
بینایی

ابزارها

گزارش های ويژه

راجع به نگهداری آکواريم ملاحظه کنيد | برگه اطلاعات و مشخصات گونه ها را ملاحظه کنيد | برگه اطلاعات و مشخصات آبزی پروری را ببينيد

بارگيری XML

صفحه خلاصه | Point data | اسامي عام | تصاوير

منابع اينترنتي

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 8.4 - 13.6, mean 10.4 (based on 52 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5078 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00347 (0.00193 - 0.00623), b=3.14 (2.98 - 3.30), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref. 93245).

Trophic level (Ref. 69278): 4.3 ±0.66 se; based on food items.

جهندگی (Ref. 120179): متوسط, كمينه زمان لازم براي دو برابر شدن جمعيت 4/1 – 4/4 سال (K=0.15-0.21; tm=3-6; tmax=16; Fec=500,000).

Prior r = 0.52, 95% CL = 0.35 - 0.79, Based on 1 stock assessment.

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): High vulnerability (58 of 100).

Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649): High to very high vulnerability (65 of 100).

طبقه قيمت (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Rexea solandri (Cuvier, 1832)