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Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758

Swordfish
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Xiphias gladius   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Xiphias gladius
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Australia country information

Common names: Broadbill, Broadbill swordfish, Swordfish
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: common (usually seen) | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Importance: commercial | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Aquaculture: never/rarely | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Regulations: restricted | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Uses: gamefish: yes;
Comments: Broadbill swordfish inhabit all Australian waters beyond the edge of the continental shelf (Ref. 6390). Stock structure: There is little information on stock structure of broadbill swordfish in the Pacific Ocean although 2 hypotheses are currently proposed. The first identifies a single stock which is distributed throughout the Pacific but has local areas of high abundance. The second proposes 3 stocks based on the regional centres of high abundance in the north-western, south-western and eastern Pacific (Ref. 30449). There is no information on stock structure in Indian Ocean broadbill swordfish. Commercial fishery: Broadbill swordfish do not represent a commercial fishery for Australian fishers. They are significant bycatch of pelagic longlining in the East Coast Tuna Fishery but are not normally targeted because of difficulties in marketing the species. The main target species of the longline fishery are yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) and bigeye tuna (). About 90 t of broadbill swordfish were caught by domestic tuna longline vessels in 1989-90. Most of the catch was taken from the Tasman Sea in waters off southern New South Wales and eastern Victoria. Fishing trials have shown that broadbill swordfish can be targeted at night by using squid baits set at shallow depths. The attachment of ‘lightsticks’ to the baits is reported to significantly increase the catch rate of broadbill swordfish. Most of the broadbill swordfish caught off the east coast weigh less than 100 kg. They are headed and gutted on board the fishing vessel and sold as fresh chilled product on the domestic fresh fish market. Broadbill swordfish are popular amongst Sydney consumers but health regulations have caused a reduction in supply in recent years. Broadbill swordfish sold in New South Wales must be individually tested for mercury content. The larger fish are likely to exceed the limit, which is lower than the amount specified for other States. Much of the broadbill swordfish landed is therefore sold through Brisbane and Melbourne markets. The Japanese longline fleet catches large numbers of broadbill swordfish throughout the Pacific and Indian oceans. Japanese longline vessels have operated near the eastern and western coasts of Australia since the 1950s. These vessels are normally between 35 m and 45 m in length and set approximately 3000 hooks per day on mainlines which are 70-110 km long. Within the Australian Fishing Zone the most productive areas are in the east, off southern Queensland and surrounding Lord Howe Island. Significant catches are also taken south of Norfolk Island, in the Coral Sea off north Queensland and off north-western Australia. Catches from north-eastern and north-western waters are mainly bycatch of vessels fishing for yellowfin tuna. Significant catches of broadbill swordfish are also recorded by Japanese longliners targeting bigeye tuna off south-western Australia from October to April each year. As at 1993, the annual Japanese catch of broadbill swordfish from the Australian Fishing Zone normally ranged between 700 t and 1000 t. Recreational fishery: Broadbill swordfish are popular sport and gamefish in the eastern Pacific Ocean, particularly off California, Ecuador, Peru and northern Chile (Ref. 9742). In these areas basking broadbill swordfish are targeted using trolled whole fish or flesh baits. For many years, rare catches of small broadbill swordfish have been reported by anglers in Australian waters. However, it was not until June 1989 that a broadbill swordfish was landed that qualified for record status under international game fishing regulations. A number of fish weighing in excess of 50 kg have since been caught from southern New South Wales waters. The Game Fishing Association of Australia’s record for a broadbill swordfish is 106 kg for a fish caught off Eden in May 1991. The larger fish landed by anglers in Australia have all been caught on baits drifted at night near the edge of the continental shelf. Resource status: Stock assessments based on Japanese longline catch rates indicate that Pacific stocks of broadbill swordfish are not over-exploited (Ref. 30449). However, the data used for these assessments are incomplete for the period since 1980. Also Ref. 2334.
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/as.html
National Fisheries Authority: http://www.csiro.au/
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Espadon, Pez espada, Меч-рыба, ... more

Classification / Names Common names | Synonyms | Catalog of Fishes(genus, species) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Teleostei (teleosts) > Carangiformes (Jacks) > Xiphiidae (Swordfish)
Etymology: Xiphias: Greek, xiphos = sword (Ref. 45335).
  More on author: Linnaeus.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecology

Marine; pelagic-oceanic; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); depth range 0 - 2878 m (Ref. 116993), usually 0 - 550 m (Ref. 54934).   Temperate; 5°C - 27°C (Ref. 43); 69°N - 50°S, 180°W - 180°E (Ref. 54934)

Distribution Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Point map | Introductions | Faunafri

Atlantic, Indian and Pacific: tropical and temperate and sometimes cold waters, including the Mediterranean Sea, the Sea of Marmara, the Black Sea, and the Sea of Azov. Highly migratory species. Mt DNA restriction analysis reveal that genetic differentiation occurs between populations inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea and the tropical Atlantic ocean, indicating little genetic exchange occurring between the two (Ref. 12784).

Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age

Maturity: Lm 212.0, range 156 - 250 cm
Max length : 455 cm FL male/unsexed; (Ref. 40637); common length : 300 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 9354); max. published weight: 650.0 kg (Ref. 4689)

Short description Morphology | Morphometrics

Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 38-56; Anal spines: 0; Anal soft rays: 16 - 18. Blackish-brown fading to light-brown below; 1st dorsal fin with blackish-brown membrane, other fins brown or blackish-brown (Ref. 43). A long, flat, sword-like bill and no pelvic fins (Ref. 26938).

Biology     Glossary (e.g. epibenthic)

Oceanic but sometimes found in coastal waters (Ref. 9354). Generally above the thermocline (Ref. 9354), preferring temperatures of 18°C to 22°C (Ref. 9987). Larvae are frequently encountered at temperatures above 24 °C (Ref. 9702). Migrate toward temperate or cold waters in the summer and back to warm waters in the fall. Adults are opportunistic feeders, known to forage for their food from the surface to the bottom over a wide depth range (Ref. 9702). Feed mainly on fishes (Atlantic mackerel, barracudinas, silver hake, redfish, herring and lanternfishes (Ref. 5951); also on crustaceans and squids (Ref. 9354). They use their sword to kill their prey (Ref. 9354). Large individuals may accumulate large percentages of mercury in its flesh (Ref. 9354). Are batch spawners (Ref. 51846). Spawning takes place in Atlantic during spring in southern Sargasso Sea. Migrate to cooler waters to feed (Ref. 4689). Females grow fastest. Determination of age is difficult since the otoliths are very small and scales are missing in adults. Year rings have been successfully counted on cross sections of the fin rays (Ref. 35388). Pelagic eggs measure 1.6-1.8mm and the newly hatched larvae is 4 mm long. Sword is well developed at a length of 10mm and young live pelagically in the upper water layers where they quickly develop into very voracious predators (Ref. 35388). Mt DNA restriction analysis reveal that genetic differentiation occurs between populations inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea and the tropical Atlantic ocean, indicating little genetic exchange occurring between the two (Ref. 12784). Good food fish, marketed fresh or frozen, and can be made into sashimi, teriyaki or fillets (Ref. 9354).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae

In the Atlantic Ocean, spawning occurs in the upper water layer at depths between 0 and 75 m, at temperatures around 23°C, and salinity of 33.8 to 37.4 ppt. The distribution of larval broadbill swordfish in the Pacific Ocean indicates that spawning occurs mainly in waters with a temperature of 24°C or more. Spawning appears to occur in all seasons in equatorial waters, but is restricted to spring and summer at higher latitudes (Ref. 30448). Fertilisation in broadbill swordfish is external and pairing of solitary males and females is thought to occur when spawning (Ref. 9742). Broadbill swordfish are reported to spawn in the upper layers of the water column, from the surface to a depth of 75 m (Ref. 43). Estimates of egg numbers vary considerably, from 1 million to 16 million in 168,000 g female (Ref. 9742) and 29 million in a 272,000 g female (Ref. 30372).

Main reference Upload your references | References | Coordinator | Collaborators

Nakamura, I., 1985. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 5. Billfishes of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of marlins, sailfishes, spearfishes and swordfishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(5):65p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 43)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

  Near Threatened (NT) (A2bd); Date assessed: 01 May 2021

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans





Human uses

Fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes
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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 10.9 - 27.6, mean 22.7 (based on 5276 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 1.5000   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00380 (0.00160 - 0.00904), b=3.14 (2.92 - 3.36), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245).
Trophic level (Ref. 69278):  4.5   ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Resilience (Ref. 120179):  Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (rm=0.076; K=0.23; tm=5-6; tmax=9).
Prior r = 0.56, 95% CL = 0.37 - 0.85, Based on 8 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  High to very high vulnerability (72 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649):  Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100).
Price category (Ref. 80766):   Very high.