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Parophrys vetulus Girard, 1854

English sole
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Parophrys vetulus   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Parophrys vetulus
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United States (contiguous states) country information

Common names: English sole, English sole
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: In range Ref. 6885.
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html
National Fisheries Authority: http://www.nmfs.gov
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald and H. Hammann, 1983
National Database:

Common names from other countries

分类 / Names 俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(, ) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Teleostei > Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) > Pleuronectidae (Righteye flounders) > Pleuronectinae
Etymology:   More on author: Girard.

Issue
Hybridizes with Platichthys stellatus - the hybrid, called Inopsetta ischyra, may be found from the Bering Sea to San Francisco, California, USA.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range 生态学

海洋 居于水底的; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 550 m (Ref. 6793).   溫帶; 61°N - 28°N, 163°E - 114°W

分布 国家 | FAO区域 | 生态系 | 标本纪录 | Point map | 简介 | Faunafri

Eastern Pacific: from Russia to Agattu Island, north to Nunivak Island, Alaska, then South to Mexico, Baja California, Mexico.
東太平洋: 白令海到 Bahia 桑河 Cristobal, 中央的墨西哥的下加利福尼亞.(參考文獻 27436) 與 星斑川鰈〔Platichthys stellatus〕 雜交 - 那雜交, 稱為 強鰈〔Inopsetta ischyra〕 , 可能被發現於從白令海到舊金山,美國加州。

Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄

Maturity: Lm 31.0, range 30 - 32 cm
Max length : 49.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 6885); 57.0 cm TL (female); common length : 33.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 56527); 最大体重: 1.5 kg (Ref. 56527); 最大年龄: 22 年 (Ref. 55701)

简单描述 检索表 | 型态特徵 | 形态测量图

背棘 (总数) : 0; 背的软条 (总数) : 72 - 92; 臀棘: 0; 臀鳍软条: 45 - 70; 脊椎骨: 41 - 44. Dorsal origin above middle of upper eye. Pectorals inclined to be pointed.
在眼睛上方的中央上面的背鳍起点。 使胸鳍倾向的是尖的。

生物学特性     字汇 (例如 epibenthic)

Adults inhabit sand and mud bottoms (Ref. 4925). Young occur in intertidal areas. Feed on small crustaceans, marine worms, brittle stars and small mollusks (Ref. 6885). Spawning adults make extensive migrations (Ref. 6885).

栖息于沙与泥底部。 (参考文献 4925) 幼鱼出现在潮间带的区域。 吃小型甲壳动物,海洋蠕虫,海星与小的软件动物。 (参考文献 6885) 进行大规模的回游。 (参考文献 6885)

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔鱼

東太平洋: 白令海到 Bahia 桑河 Cristobal, 中央的墨西哥的下加利福尼亞.(參考文獻 27436) 與 星斑川鰈〔Platichthys stellatus〕 雜交 - 那雜交, 稱為 強鰈〔Inopsetta ischyra〕 , 可能被發現於從白令海到舊金山,美國加州。

主要参考文献 Upload your references | 参考文献 | 合作者 : Amaoka, Kunio | 合作者

Vinnikov, K.A., R.C. Thomson and T.A. Munroe, 2018. Revised classification of the righteye flounders (Teleostei: Pleuronectidae) based on multilocus phylogeny with complete taxon sampling. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 125:147-162. (Ref. 122998)

世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435)

  最不相关 (LC) ; Date assessed: 17 September 2020

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

对人类的威胁

  无害处的




人类利用

渔业: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的
FAO(渔业: 产生; publication : search) | FishSource | 周边海洋

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Trophic ecology
食物相
Diet compositions
Food consumptions
Food rations
捕食者
Ecology
生态学
Home ranges
Life cycle
繁殖
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Spawnings
Spawning aggregations
Egg(s)
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仔鱼
稚鱼动力学
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Visual pigment(s)
鱼的声音
Diseases / Parasites
Toxicities (LC50s)
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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 3.4 - 8.3, mean 5.6 (based on 245 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 1.0000   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00575 (0.00358 - 0.00924), b=3.03 (2.89 - 3.17), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref. 93245).
营养阶层 (Ref. 69278):  3.4   ±0.46 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref. 120179):  中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tm=3; tmax=22; K=0.24; Fec=150,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649):  Low to moderate vulnerability (27 of 100).
价格分类 (Ref. 80766):   High.