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Clupea pallasii Valenciennes, 1847

Pacific herring
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Clupea pallasii
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United States (contiguous states) country information

Common names: Herring, Iqalluarpak, Iquallux-paq
Occurrence: native
Salinity: brackish
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: commercial | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: Found from Point San Luis in California northwards (Ref. 6793). Eggs are often harvested by hand and are exported to Japan (Ref. 2850). Exceedingly abundant in Puget Sound, Washington in 1895, however already with signs of overfishing (decreasing catches) (Ref. 28609). Also Ref. 6885, 4925, 95148, 95155.
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html
National Fisheries Authority: http://www.nmfs.gov
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Classification / Names Κοινά ονόματα | Συνώνυμα | Catalog of Fishes(Γένος, Είδη) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Clupeiformes (Herrings) > Clupeidae (Herrings, shads, sardines, menhadens)
Etymology: Clupea: Latin, clupea = sardine, derived from Clupeus = shield; doubtless a reference to the scales covering the body of the fish + Greek, odous = teeth (Ref. 45335);  pallasii: Named after Petrus Simon Pallas, great Russian naturalist and explorer (Ref. 6885).
  More on author: Valenciennes.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Οικολογία

Θαλασσινό(ά); Γλυκού νερού; Υφάλμυρο; μη μεταναστευτικό(ά); εύρος βάθους 0 - 475 m (Ref. 58426).   Temperate; 77°N - 33°N, 34°E - 119°W (Ref. 54336)

Κατανομή Χώρες | Περιοχές FAO | Οικοσυστήματα | Παρουσίες | Point map | Εισαγωγές | Faunafri

Arctic: White Sea eastward to Ob inlet. Western Pacific: Anadyr Bay, eastern coasts of Kamchatka, possibly the Aleutian Islands southward to Japan and west coast of Korea. Eastern Pacific: Kent Peninsula at 107°W and Beaufort Sea southward to northern Baja California, Mexico.

Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age

Maturity: Lm 21.4  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 46.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 27436); common length : 25.0 cm SL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 188); μεγ. αναφερόμενη ηλικία: 19 έτη (Ref. 27547)

Short description Κλείδες προσδιορισμού | Μορφολογία | Μορφομετρία

Ραχιαίες άκανθες (συνολικά) : 0; Μαλακές ραχιαίες ακτίνες (συνολικά) : 13 - 21; Εδρικές άκανθες: 0; Μαλακές εδρικές ακτίνες: 12 - 23; Σπόνδυλοι: 46 - 58. Without prominent keel; no median notch in upper jaw. Gill cover without radiating bony striae. No distinctive dark spots on body or fins. Overlaps C. harengus in White Sea, but distinguished by fewer vertebrae (usually 52 to 55; cf. usually 55 to 57) and fewer post-pelvic scutes (10 to 14; cf. 12 to 16). Dark blue to olivaceous above, shading to silver below (Ref. 27547). Precaudal vertebrae: 29-31-32; caudal vertebrae: 19-22-22 (Ref. 265).

Βιολογία     Γλωσσάρι (π.χ. epibenthic)

Neritic species (Ref. 11230). A coastal and schooling species (Ref. 188). Landlocked populations exist. Mature adults migrate inshore, entering estuaries to breed. During the summer of their first year, young form schools in shallow bays, inlets and channels that appear at the surface; these schools disappear in the fall and remain in deep water for the next 2-3 years (Ref. 6885, 27547). Young feed mainly on crustaceans, but also take decapod and mollusk larvae; adults prey mainly on large crustaceans and small fishes (Ref. 6885, 27547). Because it does not undertake extensive coastal migrations, the mixing of local populations is relatively rare (Ref. 27547). In the eastern Pacific, the fish is mainly caught for roe markets in Asia (Ref. 9988). There is a fishery for eggs laid on kelp, which when salted, is called kazunoko-kombu, and is considered a delicacy in Japan (Ref. 27547). Used in Chinese medicine (Ref. 12166). Utilized fresh, dried or salted, smoked, canned, and frozen; eaten pan-fried, broiled, and baked (Ref. 9988). Possibly to 475 m depth (Ref. 6793).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Αναπαραγωγή | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Προνύμφες

Oviparous (Ref. 265). A female turns to her side, deposits her eggs on the bottom and resumes an upright posture. This procedure is repeated until all eggs have been laid, which may take several days (Ref. 11548). As eggs are being deposited, males are releasing milt, fertilizing the eggs (Ref. 27547). There is no observable pairing of the sexes; the whole spawning area is white with milt (Ref. 11558).

Main reference Upload your references | Αναφορές | Συντονιστής | Συνεργάτες

Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

  Data deficient (DD) ; Date assessed: 21 February 2019

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

  Harmless




Human uses

αλιεία: πολύ εμπορικό; αλιεία αναψυχής: ναί; δόλωμα: usually

Περισσότερες πληροφορίες

Anatomy
Gill areas
Εγκέφαλοι
Otoliths
Physiology
Body compositions
Nutrients
Oxygen consumptions
Κολυμβητικός τύπος
Swimming speeds
Visual pigment(s)
Ήχοι ψαριών
Diseases / Parasites
Toxicities (LC50s)
Genetics
Γενετική
Electrophoreses
Heritabilities
Human related
Aquaculture systems
Προφίλ υδατοκαλλιεργειών
Στελέχοι
Ciguatera cases
Stamps, coins, misc.
References
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές

Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | BOLDSystems | Websites from users | Check FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes(Γένος, Είδη) | DiscoverLife | ECOTOX | Faunafri | Fishtrace | GenBank(genome, nucleotide) | GloBI | GOBASE | | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | MitoFish | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Scirus | SeaLifeBase | Δέντρο Ζωής | Wikipedia(Go, αναζήτηση) | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Zoobank | Zoological Record

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 0.2 - 9.7, mean 2.8 (based on 966 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.6250   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00646 (0.00521 - 0.00800), b=3.07 (3.01 - 3.13), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref. 69278):  3.2   ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Ελαστικότητα (Ref. 120179):  Μεσαίο(α), ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 1,4 - 4,4 έτη (Musick et al. 2000 (Ref. 36717)).
Prior r = 0.74, 95% CL = 0.49 - 1.11, Based on 4 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  Moderate to high vulnerability (49 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649):  Low vulnerability (22 of 100).
Price category (Ref. 80766):   Low.