United States (contiguous states) country information

Common names: Grouper, Snowy grouper
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: commercial | Ref: Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: Ranges from Massachusetts to Texas. Commercially important stocks occur off the southeast coast of the U.S. (North Carolina to Georgia), Florida west coast, and lower Florida Keys(Ref. 5222). Percentage of males in the population off North and South Carolina appears to have decreased significantly, from 7-23% in the 1970s and 1980s to 1% in the 1990s and mean length of fish landed in the longline fishery has steadily decreased from 65-80 cm in the early 1980s to 50-60 cm in the mid-1990s (Ref. 45886). Also Ref. 276, 26340, 26938, 89707.
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html
National Fisheries Authority: http://www.nmfs.gov
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Mérou neige, Cherna pintada, Seabass, ... more

Classification / Names Κοινά ονόματα | Συνώνυμα | Catalog of Fishes(Γένος, Είδη) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Perciformes/Serranoidei (Groupers) > Epinephelidae (Groupers)
Etymology: More on author: Valenciennes.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Οικολογία

Θαλασσινό(ά) βενθικό(ς); εύρος βάθους 30 - 525 m (Ref. 5222), usually 100 - 200 m (Ref. 5222). Subtropical; 41°N - 27°S, 98°W - 34°W (Ref. 5222)

Κατανομή Χώρες | Περιοχές FAO | Οικοσυστήματα | Παρουσίες | Point map | Εισαγωγές | Faunafri

Western Atlantic: Canada (Ref. 5951) to Massachusetts, USA to southern Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean.

Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age

Maturity: L_m 54.0, range 47 - ? cm
Max length : 122 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 26340); common length : 60.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 5217); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 30.0 kg (Ref. 5222); μεγ. αναφερόμενη ηλικία: 27 έτη (Ref. 3090)

Short description Κλείδες προσδιορισμού | Μορφολογία | Μορφομετρία

Ραχιαίες άκανθες (συνολικά) : 11; Μαλακές ραχιαίες ακτίνες (συνολικά) : 13 - 15; Εδρικές άκανθες: 3; Μαλακές εδρικές ακτίνες: 9. Distinguished by the following characteristics: Dark margin on spiny dorsal fin and dark saddle on caudal peduncle that extends below lateral line (Ref. 26938); juveniles with pale yellow caudal and pectoral fins; black saddle blotch on the caudal peduncle reaching below lateral line; depth of body contained 2.4-2.8 times in SL; head length 2.2-2.4 times in SL; convex interorbital area, width less than or subequal to eye diameter; enlarged serrae at angle of preopercle; distinctly convex upper edge of operculum; posterior nostrils 2-5 times larger than anterior nostrils (Ref. 89707).

Adults occur well offshore on rocky bottoms. Juveniles may be found inshore and are often reported from the northeastern coast of the U.S (Ref. 89707). Adults feed on fishes, gastropods, cephalopods, and brachyuran crustaceans (Ref. 5222). Valuable commercial food fish (Ref. 26938).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Αναπαραγωγή | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Προνύμφες

The size (76.7-109 cm) and age (8-29 yr) of 97 male specimens and the capture of two specimens undergoing sex change provided conclusive evidence that snowy grouper are protogynous hermaphrodites (Ref. 45886).

Main reference Upload your references | Αναφορές | Συντονιστής | Συνεργάτες

Craig, M.T. and P.A. Hastings, 2007. A molecular phylogeny of the groupers of the subfamily Epinephelinae (Serranidae) with revised classification of the epinephelini. Ichthyol. Res. 54:1-17. (Ref. 83414)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

Ευάλωτο, βλέπε Κόκκινη Λίστα (VU) (A2bd+4bd); Date assessed: 21 November 2016

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Harmless

Human uses

αλιεία: Εμπορικό(ά)

FAO(αλιεία: Παραγωγή; publication : search) | FishSource | Η θάλασσα γύρω μας

Περισσότερες πληροφορίες

Trophic ecology
Τροφικά αντικείμενα
Diet compositions
Food consumptions
Food rations
Θηρευτές

Ecology
Οικολογία
Home ranges

Population dynamics
Growths
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Length-frequencies
Mass conversions
Recruitments
Abundances

Life cycle
Αναπαραγωγή
Maturities
Fecundities
Spawnings
Spawning aggregations
Egg(s)
Egg developments
Προνύμφες
Δυναμική προνυμφών

Distribution
Χώρες
Περιοχές FAO
Οικοσυστήματα
Παρουσίες
Εισαγωγές
BRUVS - Videos

Anatomy
Gill areas
Εγκέφαλοι
Otoliths

Physiology
Body compositions
Nutrients
Oxygen consumptions
Κολυμβητικός τύπος
Swimming speeds
Visual pigment(s)
Ήχοι ψαριών
Diseases / Parasites
Toxicities (LC50s)

Genetics
Γενετική
Electrophoreses
Heritabilities

Human related
Aquaculture systems
Προφίλ υδατοκαλλιεργειών
Στελέχοι
Ciguatera cases
Stamps, coins, misc.

Outreach
Συνεργάτες

Taxonomy
Κοινά ονόματα
Συνώνυμα
Μορφολογία
Μορφομετρία
Φωτογραφίες

References
Αναφορές

Εργαλεία

Special reports

Check for Aquarium maintenance | Check for Species Fact Sheets | Check for Aquaculture Fact Sheets

Download XML

Summary page | Σημειακά στοιχεία | Κοινά ονόματα | Photos

Διαδικτυακές πηγές

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 14.8 - 23.7, mean 19.5 (based on 93 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01585 (0.01218 - 0.02063), b=3.04 (3.01 - 3.07), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).

Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref. 69278): 4.0 ±0.58 se; based on food items.

Ελαστικότητα (Ref. 120179): Χαμηλό, ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 4,5 - 14 έτη (K=0.07-0.09; tmax=27).

Prior r = 0.17, 95% CL = 0.11 - 0.25, Based on 1 full stock assessment.

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): High vulnerability (64 of 100).

Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Hyporthodus niveatus (Valenciennes, 1828)