Found abundantly near the edge of continental and insular shelves, but also in the open sea and occasionally inshore (Ref. 244). Often found in deepwater reefs and near insular slopes (Ref. 244). Littoral and epipelagic, in the open sea or near the bottom at 18-500 m (Ref. 58302). It is quick-moving and aggressive (Ref. 244). Solitary (Ref. 26340); often associated with schools of tuna (Ref. 244). Feeds mainly on fishes, but also squid, paper nautiluses, and pelagic crabs (Ref. 244; 37816). Viviparous (Ref. 50449). Regarded as dangerous to humans (Ref. 9997). Flesh utilized fresh and dried-salted for human consumption; its hide for leather; its fin for shark-fin soup; its liver for oil (Ref. 244). 2 to 14 young, 73 to 87 cm, are born per litter (Ref. 1602).
大量地在大陸棚和島嶼棚邊緣的附近發現, 也在開放海域中與偶然近海.(參考文獻 244) 時常發現於深水礁區與在島的斜坡附近.(參考文獻 244) 沿海地區與表層帶, 在開放海域中或在 18-500 公尺的底部附近.(參考文獻 58302) 移動快速與侵略性它是。 (參考文獻 244) 獨居性;(參考文獻 26340) 時常伴隨著鮪魚群.(參考文獻 244) 主要吃魚, 也捕食烏賊, 紙鸚鵡螺 , 與大洋性螃蟹 (參考文獻 244; 37816)。 胎生的.(參考文獻 50449) 被認為.對人類具有危險性.(參考文獻 9997) 魚肉利用生鮮或乾漬供人類消費; 它的隱藏用做皮革; 它的鰭用做魚翅湯; 它的肝臟用於製造魚肝油.(參考文獻 244) 生產2 到 14 隻, 73 到 87 公分的幼魚每胎。 (參考文獻 1602)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 12 - 28.9, mean 26.7 (based on 8170 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00468 (0.00378 - 0.00579), b=3.08 (3.04 - 3.12), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (rm=0.054; K=0.05-0.15; tm=6-10; tmax=25; Fec=2-14).
Prior r = 0.06, 95% CL = 0.04 - 0.09, Based on 3 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (82 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (76 of 100).