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Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792)

European pilchard
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Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050
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Sardina pilchardus   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Image of Sardina pilchardus (European pilchard)
Sardina pilchardus
Picture by De Sanctis, A.


Tunisia country information

Common names: Sardina
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: commercial | Ref: FAO, 1994
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments:
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/ts.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985
National Database:

Common names from other countries

分類 / Names 俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(, ) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Teleostei > Clupeiformes (Herrings) > Alosidae (Shads and Sardines)
Etymology: Sardina: Latin and Greek, sarda = sardine; name related to the island of Sardinia (Ref. 45335).
  More on author: Walbaum.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range 生態學

海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 10 - 100 m (Ref. 5286), usually 25 - 100 m (Ref. 54866).   亞熱帶的; 68°N - 14°N, 32°W - 43°E (Ref. 54866)

分布 國家 | FAO區域 | 生態系 | 發現紀錄 | Point map | 簡介 | Faunafri

Northeast Atlantic: Iceland (rare) and North Sea, southward to Bay de Gorée, Senegal. Mediterranean (common in the western part and in Adriatic Sea, rare in the eastern part), Sea of Marmara and Black Sea.
東北大西洋: 冰島 (稀有的) 與北海,向南至海灣 de Goree ,塞內加爾。 地中海 (常見於部份西部與在亞得里亞海, 稀有的在東部中) ,馬爾馬拉海與黑海。

Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡

Maturity: Lm 14.8  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 27.5 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 74552); common length : 20.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 188); 最大年齡: 15 年 (Ref. 35388)

簡短描述 檢索表 | 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖

背棘 (總數) : 0; 背的軟條 (總數) : 13 - 21; 臀棘: 0; 臀鰭軟條: 12 - 23. Body sub-cylindrical, belly rather rounded (but more compressed in juveniles). Hind margin of gill opening smoothly rounded (without fleshy outgrowths) ; 3 to 5 distinct body striae radiating downward on lower part of operculum; lower gill rakers not becoming shorter at angle of first gill arch, the upper series not overlapping the lower. Last 2 anal fin rays enlarged.
身體接近圓柱形的, 腹面相當圓的.(但是更扁長形的在稚魚中) 鰓裂的後緣平滑地圓的 ;(沒有肉質的自然發展) 3 到 5 明顯的身體陷紋放射向下的在鰓蓋的較下面的部位上; 下鰓耙不第一個鰓弓變得比較短的在突出部位上, 不部分重疊的上面的系列下面的。 最後 2個臀鰭棘條增大了。

生物學特性     字彙 (例如 epibenthic)

Littoral species (Ref. 6808). Form schools, usually at depths of 25 to 55 or even 100 m by day, rising to 10 to 35 m at night. Feed mainly on planktonic crustaceans, also on larger organisms. Spawn in batches (Ref. 51846), in the open sea or near the coast, producing 50,000-60,000 eggs with a mean diameter of 1.5 mm (Ref. 35388). Marketed fresh, frozen or canned. Also utilized dried or salted and smoked; can be pan-fried, broiled and microwaved (Ref. 9988).

沿海地區種.(參考文獻 6808) 形成魚群, 通常深度 25 到 55 或甚至 100 公尺白天, 對 10 到 35 公尺升起在晚上。 主要捕食浮游性甲殼動物, 也在較大的生物上。 產卵於一批 (參考文獻 51846) 中,在開放海域中或者在海岸的附近, 產生 50,000-60,000 卵有 1.5 mm 的平均直徑。 (參考文獻 35388) 在市場上銷售生鮮地.,凍結或裝於罐頭。 也利用乾燥或鹽醃而且煙燻; 可能是油鍋炸的, 火烤而且微波。 (參考文獻 9988)

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔魚

Breeds at 20 to 25 m, near the shore or as much as 100 km out to sea. 東北大西洋: 冰島 (稀有的) 與北海,向南至海灣 de Goree ,塞內加爾。 地中海 (常見於部份西部與在亞得里亞海, 稀有的在東部中) ,馬爾馬拉海與黑海。

主要參考資料 Upload your references | 參考文獻 | 合作者 | 合作者

Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)

IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)

  無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 20 May 2013

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

對人類具威脅

  無害處的




人類使用

漁業: 高經濟性
FAO(漁業: 產生, 魚種描繪; publication : search) | FIRMS (Stock assessments) | FishSource | 周邊海洋

更多資訊

Trophic ecology
食物相
Diet compositions
Food consumptions
Food rations
捕食者
Ecology
生態學
Home ranges
Life cycle
繁殖
Maturities
Fecundities
Spawnings
Spawning aggregations
Egg(s)
Egg developments
仔魚
稚魚動力學
Distribution
國家
FAO區域
生態系
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簡介
BRUVS - Videos
Anatomy
Gill areas
腦重體重比
Otoliths
Physiology
Body compositions
Nutrients
Oxygen consumptions
游泳類型
Swimming speeds
Visual pigment(s)
魚的聲音
Diseases / Parasites
Toxicities (LC50s)
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遺傳學
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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 7.1 - 17.3, mean 10.3 (based on 553 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 1.0000   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00676 (0.00589 - 0.00776), b=3.06 (3.02 - 3.10), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
營養階層 (Ref. 69278):  3.1   ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref. 120179):  中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.23-0.5; tm=1-2; tmax=15).
Prior r = 0.63, 95% CL = 0.41 - 0.94, Based on 26 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  Low to moderate vulnerability (30 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649):  Low vulnerability (22 of 100).
價格種類 (Ref. 80766):   Low.