Found on continental and insular shelves. Solitary (Ref. 26340) and sluggish fish, often encountered lying on the bottom (Ref. 9987). Nocturnal, feeding on bottom invertebrates such as spiny lobsters, shrimps, crabs, sea urchins, squids, octopi, snails and bivalves, and fishes like catfishes, mullets, puffers and stingrays. Ovoviviparous with 21 to 28 young in a litter (Ref. 9987, 43278). Kept in captivity for researches. May attack humans if they are molested or stepped upon accidentally. Edible, but mainly valued for its hide, which makes extremely tough and durable leather (Ref. 9987). Common over shallow sand flats, in channels, and around coral reefs; young may be found among prop roots of red mangroves (Ref. 26938).
栖息于大陆架与岛屿棚了。 一种独居性 (参考文献 26340) 与缓动性的鱼, 时常见到了栖息于底部。 (参考文献 9987) 夜行的, 吃底栖无脊椎动物例如棘龙虾，虾，螃蟹，海胆，乌贼，章鱼，蜗牛与二枚贝 , 与鱼例如鲶鱼，乌鱼，河豚与 。 卵胎生的具有 21 到 28 幼鱼在一胎。 为研究畜养于繁殖场了。 如果他们被干扰或不小心踩到，可能攻击人类。 可食用的, 但是主要的价值在它的隐藏, 这制造非常强硬而持久的皮革.(参考文献 9987) 在峡道中，普遍在水浅的沙地浅滩上, 与珊瑚礁的周围; 幼鱼可能在红色红树林的支柱根之中被发现于。 (参考文献 26938)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 22.3 - 28, mean 25.5 (based on 798 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.8125 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00417 (0.00157 - 0.01110), b=3.08 (2.85 - 3.31), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.2 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.14; tmax=25; Fec=21-28).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (65 of 100).
