Inhabits shallow water close inshore on coral reefs and in the intertidal zone (reef flats), near reef drop-offs and close offshore (Ref. 244, 58302). Also found in mangrove areas, moving in and out with the tide (Ref. 6871) and even in fresh water, but not in tropical lakes and rivers far from the sea (Ref. 9997). Occurs singly or in small groups (Ref. 244, 54301). Prefers fishes but also feeds on crustaceans, cephalopods and other mollusks (Ref. 6871). Viviparous (Ref. 50449). May become aggressive to spear fishers and has been reported to bite people wading in shallow water (Ref. 6871). Reported to cause poisoning (Ref. 4690). 2 to 4 young of 46 to 52 cm are born per litter (Ref. 1602). Generally marketed fresh (as fillet), may be dried, salted, smoked (Ref. 5284) or frozen (Ref. 9987). Fins are valued for shark-fin soup (Ref. 9987); liver as source of oil (Ref. 9997). This species is commonly seen in public aquaria (Ref. 54301). Maximum reported weight from IGFA was 13.550 kg (Ref. 40637). Minimum depth reported taken from Ref. 128797.
在礁海峭壁與接近外海的附近, 在珊瑚礁上與在潮間帶 (礁石平臺) 中棲息於淺水區近岸。 (參考文獻 244,58302) 也發現於紅樹林區域, 搬進與在外隨著潮水 (參考文獻 6871) 甚至在淡水中, 但是不在熱帶的湖中與河遠離海洋.(參考文獻 9997) 各別地或形成小群魚群生存。 (參考文獻 244,54301) 偏愛魚也吃甲殼動物,頭足類動物與其他的軟體動物.(參考文獻 6871) 胎生的.(參考文獻 50449) 五月對魚矛漁法變成侵略性而且已經被報告咬在淺水區跋涉的人。 (參考文獻 6871) 報告引起毒害。 (參考文獻 4690) 46 到 52 公分的 2 到 4個幼魚出生每胎。 (參考文獻 1602) 通常在市場上銷售生鮮地 (如魚排)., 可能是乾燥的﹐鹽醃的, 煙燻 (參考文獻 5284) 或凍結.(參考文獻 9987) 鰭被認為有價值的用做魚翅湯;(參考文獻 9987) 如油的來源的肝臟.(參考文獻 9997) 這種是在通常中見到的公眾水族館。 (參考文獻 54301)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 23.8 - 28.4, mean 27.4 (based on 397 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00457 (0.00244 - 0.00856), b=3.04 (2.89 - 3.19), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.9 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (Fec=2).
Prior r = 0.26, 95% CL = 0.17 - 0.39, Based on 3 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (57 of 100).