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Lota lota (Linnaeus, 1758)

Burbot
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Lota lota
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Russian Federation country information

Common names: Burbot, Evropeyski nalim, Sylyhar
Occurrence: native
Salinity: freshwater
Abundance: common (usually seen) | Ref: Winkler, H.M., K. Skora, R. Repecka, M. Ploks, A. Neelov, L. Urho, A. Gushin and H. Jespersen, 2000
Importance: commercial | Ref: Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: Found in the Kolyma, Anadyr and Penzhina rivers in the east, in Lake Baikal, Sakhalin, the Shantars, and the rivers of Novosibirsk islands (Ref. 26334). Occurs in the Amur river basin (Ref. 13397). Found also in the basins of the Poronai and Tym' Rivers (Ref. 27681), Don (Ref. 58293), Onega (Ref. 55804), Volga (Ref. 58297). Introduced in Kuban River drainage but means of introduction, pathways or results of invasion are uncertain (Ref. 45022, 58296). Also Ref. 1371, 37812, 43202, 55804. EurRus
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/rs.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Reshetnikov, Y.S., N.G. Bogutskaya, E.D. Vasil'eva, E.A. Dorofeeva, A.M. Naseka, O.A. Popova, K.A. Savvaitova, V.G. Sideleva and L.I. Sokolov, 1997
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Classification / Names Noms communs | Synonymes | Catalog of Fishes(Genre, Espèce) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Gadiformes (Cods) > Lotidae (Hakes and burbots)
Etymology: Lota: French name for the cod (Ref. 45335);  lota: From the French word "la Lotte" meaning codfish (Ref. 10294).
  More on author: Linnaeus.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Écologie

; eau douce; saumâtre démersal; pH range: 7.5 - ? ; dH range: 18 - ?; potamodrome (Ref. 59043); profondeur 1 - 700 m (Ref. 1998).   Temperate; 4°C - 18°C (Ref. 2059); 78°N - 40°N, 180°W - 180°E

Distribution Pays | Zones FAO | Écosystèmes | Occurrences | Point map | Introductions | Faunafri

Circumarctic in freshwater (Ref. 1371). Europe: Loire drainage, France eastward to White, Barents and Arctic Sea basins; upper Volga drainage; western Caspian basin; rivers draining to Black Sea; Rhône drainage (France); in Italy native only in Po drainage; eastrward England (now extirpated). In Siberia eastward to River Lena. Reported that populations from eastern Siberia and North America belong to a different species, Lota maculosa (Ref. 59043). North America: Throughout Canada, Alaska and northern USA (south to Pennysylvannia, Kentucky, Missouri, Wyoming and Washington (Ref. 86798).

Length at first maturity / Taille / Poids / Âge

Maturity: Lm 37.5, range 35 - 40 cm
Max length : 152 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 27547); common length : 40.0 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 1371); poids max. publié: 34.0 kg (Ref. 27547); âge max. reporté: 20 années (Ref. 556)

Description synthétique Clés d'identification | Morphologie | Morphométrie

Épines dorsales (Total) : 0; Rayons mous dorsaux (Total) : 67 - 96; Épines anales: 0; Rayons mous anaux: 58 - 84; Vertèbres: 50 - 67. Diagnosed from all other freshwater fishes in Europe by its pelvic fin origin anterior to pectoral fin origin and by having one central barbel on lower jaw (Ref. 59043). Distinguished by the long second dorsal fin, at least 6 times as long as the first, and a single barbel on the chin (Ref. 27547). Gill rakers short (Ref. 27547). First dorsal short; second dorsal and anal fins joined to caudal; pectorals short and rounded; caudal rounded (Ref. 27547), with 40 rays (Ref. 2196). Color is yellow, light tan to brown with a pattern of dark brown or black on the body, head and fins (Ref. 1371). Pelvic fins pale, others dark and mottled (Ref. 27547).

Biologie     Glossaire (ex. epibenthic)

The only member of Lotidae family which lives in freshwater. Crepuscular and nocturnal (Ref. 11941). Adults are found in well oxygenated flowing waters and large, deep lakes as well as large rivers with slow-moving current (Ref. 5723, 10294). They occur from estuaries of large lowland rivers as well as from small mountain streams, preferring deep waters in summer (Ref. 59043). They seek shelter under rocks, in crevices on the river banks, among roots of trees and dense vegetation (Ref. 30578, 10294). Those in rivers tend to congregate in deep holes throughout the year, except at spawning (Ref. 27547). Movements into shallower water during summer nights are related to feeding (Ref. 1998). Smaller individuals feed on insect larvae, crayfish, mollusks and other invertebrates with a changing preference for fishes in larger individuals (Ref. 1998, 10294). In Central Europe, males mature at 2 years while females at 3 years (Ref. 59043). Spawning occurs from November to March, at temperatures below 6°C in groups of up to 20 interlaced individuals forming a ball about 60 cm in diameter which constantly moves and rolls on the bottom while releasing eggs and sperms (Ref. 59043). May undertake short spawning migrations (Ref. 59043). Eggs are semipelagic, 1.2-1.8 mm in diameter and slightly sticky hatching after 40-70 days (Ref. 59043). Larvae are positively phototactic, floating below the surface in March and April (Ref. 59043). Larvae feed on drifting invertebrates or zooplankton (Ref. 59043). Source of oil. Sold mainly salted. Liver is sold smoked or canned in Europe (Ref. 1998). Processed into fishmeal (Ref. 1998). Because of its nocturnal habits and its slow movements, this fish is not very much appreciated by sport fishermen. Flesh is tasty but a little dry (Ref. 30578). Locally threatened due to river regulation (Ref. 59043).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Reproduction | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larves

There appears to be individual movements into spawning areas with the males arriving first at spawning areas (Ref. 27547). It occurs at night, with spawners forming a great globular mass, each pushing toward the center (Ref. 28694), or at least milling around close together (Ref. 28697), releasing eggs or sperm. Observed to make postspawning runs upriver, apparently for feeding (Ref. 28697). Eggs hatch after 40-70 days. After about 2 months, juveniles are benthic, grow rapidly, reach about 8 cm SL within first year. (Ref. 59043).

Référence principale Upload your references | Références | Coordinateur | Collaborateurs

Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(10). Rome: FAO. 442 p. (Ref. 1371)

Statut dans la liste rouge de l'IUCN (Ref. 130435)

  Préoccupation mineure (LC) ; Date assessed: 01 March 2012

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Menace pour l'homme

  Harmless




Utilisations par l'homme

Pêcheries: commercial; Aquaculture: expérimental; pêche sportive: oui; Aquarium: Aquariums publics
FAO(pêcheries: production, Résumé espèce; publication : search) | FishSource | Sea Around Us

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Estimates based on models

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 1.0000   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00562 (0.00465 - 0.00681), b=3.03 (2.97 - 3.09), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
Niveau trophique (Ref. 69278):  3.8   ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Résilience (Ref. 120179):  Faible, temps minimum de doublement de population : 4,5 à 14 années (K=0.05; tm=2-7; tmax=20).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  High to very high vulnerability (66 of 100).
Catégorie de prix (Ref. 80766):   Very high.