New Caledonia country information

Common names: Empereur, Empéreux, Marlin rayé
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: Occurrence in New Caledonia is based on a collection made in the Chesterfield Islands.
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/nc.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Kulbicki, M., J.E. Randall and J. Rivaton, 1994
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Marlin rayé, Marlín rayado, Beakie, ... more

Classification / Names Nomi Comuni | Sinonimi | Catalog of Fishes(Genere, Specie) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Carangiformes (Jacks) > Istiophoridae (Billfishes)
Etymology: More on author: Philippi.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecologia

marino; oceanodromo (Ref. 51243); distribuzione batimetrica 0 - 200 m (Ref. 43). Subtropical; 20°C - 25°C (Ref. 54918); 46°N - 49°S, 19°E - 69°W (Ref. 54918)

Distribuzione Stati | Aree FAO | Ecosystems | Presenze | Point map | Introduzioni | Faunafri

Indo-Pacific: tropical, subtropical and temperate waters. Highly migratory species. The distribution in the Pacific Ocean is unique among billfishes and tunas in that it forms a horseshoe-shaped pattern from the northwest Pacific through the eastern Pacific to the southwest Pacific (Ref. 30443). In the Indian Ocean, fish are more densely distributed in equatorial regions with higher concentrations off eastern Africa, in the western Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal and off northwestern Australia (Ref. 30444).

Length at first maturity / Size / Peso / Age

Maturity: L_m 210.0, range 190 - ? cm
Max length : 420 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 30874); common length : 290 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 9308); peso massimo pubblicato: 440.0 kg (Ref. 30874)

Short description Chiavi di identificazione | Morfologia | Morfometria

Spine dorsali (totale) : 0; Raggi dorsali molli (totale) : 42 - 48; Spine anali: 0; Raggi anali molli: 18 - 24. Body elongated and compressed; upper jaw produced into a robust and medium sized beak; two dorsal fins, the height of the first greater than the greatest depth, short anteriorly, taller in the middle, then becoming shorter posteriorly; pectoral fins falcate and flexible, with 18 to 22 rays; body densely covered by small, embedded scales with 1 or 2 bluntish points; back dark blue; belly silvery; membrane of first dorsal fin blue black without dark spots; flanks with about 20 bluish stripes (Ref. 55763). Blue-black above and silvery white below, with about 15 rows of cobalt-colored stripes; 1st dorsal fin dark blue; other fins dark brown, sometimes with a tinge of dark blue; anal fin bases with a tinge of silvery white.

Epipelagic and oceanic species, usually found above the thermocline. Generally inhabit cooler water than either black (Makaira indica) or blue marlin (M. mazara) (Ref. 43). Most dominant and widely distributed of all billfishes. Their abundance increases with distance from the continental shelf (Ref. 6390). Usually seen close to shore only where deep drop-offs occur (Ref. 6390). Mostly solitary, but form small schools by size during the spawning season (Ref. 9987). They are usually dispersed at considerably wide distances. Feed on fishes, crustaceans and squids. Also caught with the harpoon. The flesh is the best among billfishes for sashimi and sushi. Marketed mostly frozen, sometimes fresh (Ref. 43); also smoked and frozen (Ref. 9987). Also Ref. 9137, 9574.

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Riproduzione | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larve

Females are indeterminate batch spawners with asynchronous oocyte development (Ref. 92477). Larvae are most abundant in the respective local early summers. The seasonal occurrence of mature females coincides with that of the larvae. The lower temperature limit in the distribution of larvae is approximately 24°C, both in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Spawning sites are between 10°S and 30°S in Southwest Pacific and 10°S and 20°S in northeastern Indian Ocean (Ref. 6390).

Main reference Upload your references | Bibliografia | Coordinatore | Collaboratori

Nakamura, I., 1985. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 5. Billfishes of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of marlins, sailfishes, spearfishes and swordfishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(5):65p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 43)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 10 May 2021

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Harmless

Human uses

Pesca: commerciale; Pesce da pesca sportiva: si

FAO(pesca: production, species profile; publication : search) | FIRMS (Stock assessments) | FishSource | Sea Around Us

Informazioni ulteriori

Trophic ecology
Prede
Diet compositions
Food consumptions
Food rations
Predatori

Ecology
Ecologia
Home ranges

Population dynamics
Growths
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Length-frequencies
Mass conversions
Recruitments
Abundances

Life cycle
Riproduzione
Maturities
Fecundities
Spawnings
Spawning aggregations
Egg(s)
Egg developments
Larve
Dinamica popolazioni larvali

Distribution
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Aree FAO
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BRUVS - Videos

Anatomy
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Physiology
Body compositions
Nutrients
Oxygen consumptions
Swimming type
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Visual pigment(s)
Suoni dei Pesci
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Toxicities (LC50s)

Genetics
Genetica
Electrophoreses
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Human related
Aquaculture systems
Profili di acquacoltura
Varietà
Ciguatera cases
Stamps, coins, misc.

Outreach
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Taxonomy
Nomi Comuni
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References
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Check for Aquarium maintenance | Check for Species Fact Sheets | Check for Aquaculture Fact Sheets

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Fonti Internet

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 14.6 - 28.3, mean 25.9 (based on 1534 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.7505 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00550 (0.00297 - 0.01015), b=3.15 (2.98 - 3.32), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref. 93245).

Trophic level (Ref. 69278): 4.5 ±0.73 se; based on food items.

Resilienza (Ref. 120179): Medio, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione 1.4 - 4.4 anni (K=0.2-0.6; tm=2-3; Fec=90-281 million (annual reproductive output)).

Prior r = 0.37, 95% CL = 0.25 - 0.56, Based on 6 full stock assessments.

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100).

Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (48 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Kajikia audax (Philippi, 1887)