Inhabits shallow water close inshore on coral reefs and in the intertidal zone (reef flats), near reef drop-offs and close offshore (Ref. 244, 58302). Also found in mangrove areas, moving in and out with the tide (Ref. 6871) and even in fresh water, but not in tropical lakes and rivers far from the sea (Ref. 9997). Occurs singly or in small groups (Ref. 244, 54301). Prefers fishes but also feeds on crustaceans, cephalopods and other mollusks (Ref. 6871). Viviparous (Ref. 50449). May become aggressive to spear fishers and has been reported to bite people wading in shallow water (Ref. 6871). Reported to cause poisoning (Ref. 4690). 2 to 4 young of 46 to 52 cm are born per litter (Ref. 1602). Generally marketed fresh (as fillet), may be dried, salted, smoked (Ref. 5284) or frozen (Ref. 9987). Fins are valued for shark-fin soup (Ref. 9987); liver as source of oil (Ref. 9997). This species is commonly seen in public aquaria (Ref. 54301). Maximum reported weight from IGFA was 13.550 kg (Ref. 40637). Minimum depth reported taken from Ref. 128797.
在礁海峭壁与接近外海的附近, 在珊瑚礁上与在潮间带 (礁石平台) 中栖息于浅水区近岸。 (参考文献 244) 也发现于红树林区域, 搬进与在外随着潮水 (参考文献 6871) 甚至在淡水中, 但是不在热带的湖中与河远离海洋.(参考文献 9997) 各别地或形成小群鱼群生存。 (参考文献 244,54301) 偏爱鱼也吃甲壳动物,头足类动物与其他的软件动物.(参考文献 6871) 胎生的.(参考文献 50449) 五月对鱼矛渔法变成侵略性而且已经被报告咬在浅水区跋涉的人。 (参考文献 6871) 報告引起毒害。 (參考文獻 4690) 46 到 52 公分的 2 到 4個幼魚出生每胎。 (參考文獻 1602) 通常在市場上銷售生鮮地 (如魚排)了, 可能是乾燥的﹐鹽醃的, 煙燻 (參考文獻 5284) 或凍結.(參考文獻 9987) 鰭被認為有價值的用做魚翅湯;(參考文獻 9987) 如油的來源的肝臟.(參考文獻 9997) 這種是在通常中見到的公眾水族館。 (參考文獻 54301)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 23.8 - 28.4, mean 27.4 (based on 397 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00457 (0.00244 - 0.00856), b=3.04 (2.89 - 3.19), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.9 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (Fec=2).
Prior r = 0.26, 95% CL = 0.17 - 0.39, Based on 3 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (57 of 100).