Common names from other countries
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
; air tawar bentopelagis; pH range: 7.0 - 7.5; dH range: 10 - ?; kisaran kedalaman 0 - 6 m (Ref. 1998). Subtropical; 10°C - 32°C (Ref. 12741); 46°N - 24°N, 125°W - 65°W (Ref. 89798)
North America: St. Lawrence - Great Lakes, and Mississippi River basins from southern Quebec to Minnesota and south to Gulf; Atlantic and Gulf drainages from North Carolina to Florida and to northern Mexico. The species has been introduced widely as a game fish and is now cosmopolitan. Several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction.
Size / Weight / umur
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 97.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 86798); common length : 40.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 556); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 10.1 kg (Ref. 4699); Umur maksimum dilaporkan: 23 Tahun (Ref. 46974)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 10; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 11 - 14; Duri dubur: 3; Sirip dubur lunak: 10 - 12; vertebrata, bertulang belakang: 30 - 32.
Inhabit lakes, ponds, swamps, and backwaters and pools of creeks, and small to large rivers (Ref. 86798). Usually found over mud or sand and common in impoundments (Ref. 5723). They prefer quiet, clear water and over-grown banks. Adults feed on fishes, crayfish and frogs; young feed on crustaceans, insects and small fishes. Sometimes cannibalistic. They don't feed during spawning; as well as when the water temperature is below 5°C and above 37°C (Ref. 30578). Builds nest at 25 mm-203 mm deep (Ref. 1998). An introduced species in Europe reported to avoid fast-flowing waters and to occur in estuaries with a salinity up to 13 ppt (Ref. 59043). Popular game fish in North America. Preyed upon by herons, bitterns, and kingfishers (Ref. 1998). Excellent food fish (Ref. 1998).
The male which becomes aggressive and territorial builds the nest on muddy bottoms of shallow water. A female may spawn with several males on different nests. The male guards and fans the eggs for about 29 days (Ref. 93240). Spawning takes place spring to summer or when temperature reaches 15°C. Adults mate between the age of 5-12 years (Ref. 11243). Also Ref, 88808).
Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 2011. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 663p. (Ref. 86798)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435)
CITES (Ref. 128078)
Not Evaluated
ancaman kepada manusia
Potential pest
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: nilai komersial kecil; Budidaya air: komersial; Ikan buruan: ya; Akuarium: Akuarium publik
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01047 (0.00903 - 0.01214), b=3.08 (3.04 - 3.12), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
Daya lenting (Ref.
120179): Rendah, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 4.5 - 14 tahun (K=0.06-0.14; tm=3-5; tmax=16; Fec=2,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (42 of 100).
