Common names from other countries
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologia
marino; salmastro demersale; non migratori; distribuzione batimetrica 20 - 500 m (Ref. 4510), usually ? - 150 m (Ref. 27000). Subtropical; 60°N - 35°S, 26°W - 36°E
Eastern Atlantic: British Isles (rare) to Senegal including Madeira, the Canary Islands, and Cape Verde. Also throughout the Mediterranean except Black Sea. South African species thought to be the same as population in the northeast Atlantic (Ref. 4313).
Size / Peso / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 50.0 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 4510); common length : 30.0 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 2683); peso massimo pubblicato: 3.0 kg (Ref. 40637)
Short description
Chiavi di identificazione | Morfologia | Morfometria
Spine dorsali (totale) : 12; Raggi dorsali molli (totale) : 9; Spine anali: 3; Raggi anali molli: 5. Dark spot often on spinous dorsal (Ref. 4313).
Solitary and sedentary over rocky, sandy or muddy bottoms. Feeds on fishes, crustaceans and mollusks (Ref.4570).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Riproduzione | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larve
Hureau, J.-C. and N.I. Litvinenko, 1986. Scorpaenidae. p. 1211-1229. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol 3. (Ref. 4570)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
CITES (Ref. 128078)
Not Evaluated
Human uses
Pesca: commerciale; Acquario: Acquari pubblici
Strumenti
Special reports
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Fonti Internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 11.1 - 18, mean 14.4 (based on 189 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01318 (0.01129 - 0.01539), b=3.02 (2.98 - 3.06), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 4.3 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
Resilienza (Ref.
120179): Basso, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione 4.5 - 14 anni (K=0.08).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (68 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Low vulnerability (18 of 100).