Japan country information

Common names: Karasu-ei
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: Known from southern Japan (Ref. 559) and Kyushu Palau (Ref. 13360).
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html
National Fisheries Authority: http://www.maff.go.jp/eindex.html
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Masuda, H., K. Amaoka, C. Araga, T. Uyeno and T. Yoshino, 1984
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Pastenague violette, Raya-látigo violeta, Pelagic sting-ray, ... more

Classification / Names Noms communs | Synonymes | Catalog of Fishes(Genre, Espèce) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Élasmobranches (requins et raies) (sharks and rays) > Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) > Dasyatidae (Stingrays) > Dasyatinae
Etymology: Pteroplatytrygon: Greek, pteron = wing, fin + Greek,platys = flat + Greek, trygon = a sting ray (Ref. 45335); violacea: From the Latin 'viola' meaning violet..
More on author: Bonaparte.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Écologie

marin; profondeur 1 - 381 m (Ref. 58302), usually 1 - 100 m (Ref. 55209). Subtropical; 52°N - 50°S, 180°W - 180°E (Ref. 55209)

Distribution Pays | Zones FAO | Écosystèmes | Occurrences | Point map | Introductions | Faunafri

Probably cosmopolitan in tropical and subtropical seas. Eastern Pacific: Reported from Vancouver (Ref. 11980), from California (USA), Baja California (Mexico) to Chile, and the Galapagos Is. (Ref. 9068). Western Atlantic (Ref. 7251). Eastern Atlantic: Southeastern coasts of the Mediterranean and off Sicily; Reported from Cape Verde (Ref. 34514). Indian Ocean.

Length at first maturity / Taille / Poids / Âge

Maturity: L_m 45.0, range 40 - 50 cm
Max length : 96.0 cm WD mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 48844); common length : 80.0 cm WD mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 9254)

Description synthétique Clés d'identification | Morphologie | Morphométrie

A thick, dark stingray with a broadly rounded snout and an angular pectoral disc; tail less than twice body length with a long lower caudal finfold ending far in front of tail tip, but with no upper finfold; disc without thorns; usually 1 extremely long sting on tail; eyes do not protrude (Ref. 5578). Uniformly violet, purple, or dark blue-green dorsally and ventrally (Ref. 3263). No prominent markings (Ref. 3263).

Found in open, tropical and warm temperate waters usually in the first 100 m. Possibly the only totally pelagic member of the family (Ref. 6871). Feeds on coelenterates (including medusae), squid, decapod crustaceans, and fish. Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Venomous spine on tail. Common catch of the pelagic tuna (and shark) longline and gillnet fisheries (drift, Ref. 75025) operating throughout the region (Ref. 58048); also by purse-seine and bottom trawls (Ref. 75025). Utilized for its meat and sometimes cartilage (Ref.58048). Total length 110 TL (80 cm WD) (Ref. 9254).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Reproduction | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larves

Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). With 2 (Ref.58048) to 9 young born at 15-25 cm WD (Ref. 26346); after a gestation period of 4 months (Ref.58048).

Référence principale Upload your references | Références | Coordinateur : McEachran, John | Collaborateurs

Compagno, L.J.V., 1999. Checklist of living elasmobranchs. p. 471-498. In W.C. Hamlett (ed.) Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland. (Ref. 35766)

Statut dans la liste rouge de l'IUCN (Ref. 130435)

Préoccupation mineure (LC) ; Date assessed: 09 November 2018

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Menace pour l'homme

Venomous (Ref. 9254)

Utilisations par l'homme

Pêcheries: commercial

FAO(Publication : search) | FishSource |

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 12 - 28.6, mean 24.8 (based on 5148 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00646 (0.00265 - 0.01571), b=3.06 (2.86 - 3.26), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245).

Niveau trophique (Ref. 69278): 4.4 ±0.54 se; based on food items.

Résilience (Ref. 120179): Très faible, temps minimum de doublement de population supérieur à 14 ans (K=0.18 (captivity); Fec=1-9 (could probably have 2 litters per year)).

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): High vulnerability (63 of 100).

Catégorie de prix (Ref. 80766): Low.

Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832)