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Epinephelus bontoides (Bleeker, 1855)

Palemargin grouper
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Native range | All suitable habitat | Point map | Year 2050
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Epinephelus bontoides   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Image of Epinephelus bontoides (Palemargin grouper)
Epinephelus bontoides
Picture by Greenfield, J.


Indonesia country information

Common names: Dusky rock cod
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: Type locality, Ambon (Ref. 48635). Known from Flores (Ref. 8631, 47567). Also recorded from Bali and Pulau Seribu; with an Indonesian distribution from Moluccas to Bali (Ref. 47567). Museum: RMNH 5502 (holotype, Ambon); BPBM 32202, 32236, 19498. Also Ref. 4787, 090102, 089707.
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Классификация / Names народные названия | синонимы | Catalog of Fishes(род, виды) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Perciformes/Serranoidei (Groupers) > Epinephelidae (Groupers)
Etymology: Epinephelus: Greek, epinephelos = cloudy (Ref. 45335).
  More on author: Bleeker.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range экология

морской ассоциированный с рифами; пределы глубины 0 - 30 m (Ref. 9710).   Tropical; 23°N - 11°S, 120°E - 154°E (Ref. 5222)

распространение страны | регионы FAO | Ecosystems | места находок | Point map | интродукции | Faunafri

Western Pacific: Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan, Solomon Islands (Ref. 4787) and New Britain.

Size / Вес / Возраст

Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 30.0 cm TL самец/пол неопределен; (Ref. 5222)

Краткое описание определительные ключи | морфология | морфометрия

колючие лучи спинного плавника (общее число) : 11; членистые (мягкие) лучи спинного плавника (общее число) : 16 - 17; колючие лучи анального плавника: 3; членистые (мягкие) лучи анального плавника: 8. Characterized by grey brown color with scattered reddish brown to black spots; narrow pale margins on dark grey fins; body scales ctenoid, except cycloid scales dorsally and ventrally; body with auxiliary scales; greatest depth of body 2.8-3.2 in SL; rounded caudal fin; pelvic fins, 1.9-2.3 in head length (Ref. 90102); head length 2.3-2.6 times in SL; interorbital area flat to slightly convex, almost straight dorsal head profile; rounded preopercle, finely serrate, ventral serrae slightly enlarged; straight upper edge of operculum; maxilla reaches past rear edge of eye; 2 or 3 rows of teeth on midlateral part of lower jaw (Ref. 089707).

биология     глоссарий (например epibenthic)

Found on mud or rocky or cobble bottoms (Ref. 089707). The species appears to be one of the rarest groupers in the Indo-Pacific region, nothing has been published on its biology. Solitary (Ref 90102).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | размножение | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | личинки

Основная ссылка Upload your references | ссылки | координатор | соавторы

Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)

Статус Красного Списка МСОП (Ref. 130435)

  Не вызывающий беспокойства (LC) ; Date assessed: 22 November 2016

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Угроза для людей

  Harmless




Использование человеком

рыболовство: интереса не представляет
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дополнительная информация

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 27.9 - 29.2, mean 28.8 (based on 557 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.5000   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01175 (0.00571 - 0.02419), b=3.04 (2.88 - 3.20), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245).
Trophic level (Ref. 69278):  3.7   ±0.6 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
устойчивость к внешним воздействиям (Ref. 120179):  средний (среднего размера), минимальное время удвоения популяции 1.4-4.4 года (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  Low vulnerability (20 of 100).