Common names from other countries
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologia
marino demersale; distribuzione batimetrica 75 - 440 m (Ref. 7251). Tropical; 32°N - 33°S
Western Atlantic: Georgia, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to Brazil; not occurring in the West Indies.
Size / Peso / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 31.6 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 115012); common length : 20.0 cm TL maschio/sesso non determinato; (Ref. 5217); peso massimo pubblicato: 556.60 g (Ref. 115012)
Spine dorsali (totale) : 12; Raggi dorsali molli (totale) : 9 - 10; Spine anali: 3; Raggi anali molli: 6. Snout length almost equal to orbit diameter; third dorsal spine not elongated (Ref. 13608).
Found on soft substrate. Have a thick glandular tissue on posterior margin of fin spines which is believed to be venomous (Ref. 57406).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Riproduzione | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larve
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
CITES (Ref. 128078)
Not Evaluated
Human uses
Strumenti
Special reports
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 13.6 - 23.5, mean 18.8 (based on 99 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01148 (0.00674 - 0.01956), b=3.03 (2.88 - 3.18), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resilienza (Ref.
120179): Medio, tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione 1.4 - 4.4 anni (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (22 of 100).